Factors underlying the perception of effort during constant heart rate running above and below the critical heart rate

Bergstrom, Haley C.; Housh, Terry J.; Cochrane, Kristen C.; Jenkins, Nathaniel D.M.; Zúñiga, Jorge M.; Buckner, Samuel L.; Goldsmith, Jacob A.; Schmidt, Richard J.; Johnson, Glen O.; Cramer, Joel T.

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3204-y

Cited by 11 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Previous work has defined a sustainable exercise intensity as one that can be maintained for at least 30–60 minutes within the heavy exercise-intensity domain (12,25,30,49). In this study, CHR seemed to represent a sustainable intensity (T Lim = 45.48 ± 20.24 minutes), whereas PCHR did not (T Lim = 20.99 ± 17.27 minutes).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the general population, this relative intensity should reflect a significant portion of exercise within the heavy exercise-intensity domain (47). However, it is not clear where these exercise prescription recommendations place an individual relative to the exercise-intensity domains because the responses to exercise anchored by physiological parameters result in divergent responses from the power output associated with that V Ȯ2 , HR, or RPE (12,41). These differences in responses are a result of altering the external load to elicit the desired physiological intensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate

Succi

Dinyer-McNeely

Voskuil

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Succi, PJ, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Voskuil, CC, Abel, MG, Clasey, JL, and Bergstrom, HC. Responses to exercise at the critical heart rate vs. the power output associated with the critical heart rate. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2362-2372, 2023-This study examined the physiological (volume of oxygen consumption [V Ȯ2 ], heart rate [HR], power output [PO], respiration rate [RR], muscle oxygen saturation [%SmO 2 ]), neuromuscular (electromyographic and mechanomyographic amplitude [EMG AMP and MMG AMP] and mean power frequency [EMG MPF and MMG MPF]), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during exercise anchored at the critical heart rate (CHR) vs. the PO associated with CHR (PCHR). Nine subjects (mean 6 SD; age 5 26 6 3 years) performed a graded exercise test and 4 constant PO trials to exhaustion at 85-100% of peak PO (PP) to derive CHR and PCHR on a cycle ergometer. Responses were recorded during trials at CHR (173 6 9 b•min 21 , time to exhaustion [T Lim ] 5 45.5 6 20.2 minutes) and PCHR (198 6 58 W, T Lim 5 21.0 6 17.8 minutes) and normalized to their respective values at PP in 10% intervals. There were significant (p # 0.05) mode (CHR vs. PCHR) 3 time (10%-100% T Lim ) interactions for all variables (p , 0.001-0.036) except MMG AMP (p . 0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated differences across time for CHR V Ȯ2 (%change 5 222 6 16%), PCHR

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate

Succi

Dinyer-McNeely

Voskuil

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Self Cite

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“…Neuromuscular fatigue seems to be the dominant mechanism influencing perceived fatigue during the initial portion of the run. Later, the feedback from the fatiguing cardiorespiratory system might also increase the perception of effort (Bergstrom et al, 2015). Finally, as demonstrated by an increase in cardiac cost at high fatigue perception, we can argue that additional motor units are needed to produce the same overall muscle efficiency, which results in higher physiological/metabolic costs (Kounalakis et al, 2008;Marcora et al, 2008).…”

Section: Onset Of Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue

et al. 2022

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Understanding the influence of running-induced acute fatigue on the homeostasis of the body is essential to mitigate the adverse effects and optimize positive adaptations to training. Fatigue is a multifactorial phenomenon, which influences biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets. This work aimed to assess the evolution of these three facets with acute fatigue during a half-marathon. 13 recreational runners were equipped with one inertial measurement unit (IMU) on each foot, one combined global navigation satellite system-IMU-electrocardiogram sensor on the chest, and an Android smartphone equipped with an audio recording application. Spatio-temporal parameters for the running gait, along with the heart rate, its variability and complexity were computed using validated algorithms. Perceived fatigability was assessed using the rating-of-fatigue (ROF) scale at every 10 min of the race. The data was split into eight equal segments, corresponding to at least one ROF value per segment, and only level running parts were retained for analysis. During the race, contact time, duty factor, and trunk anteroposterior acceleration increased, and the foot strike angle and vertical stiffness decreased significantly. Heart rate showed a progressive increase, while the metrics for heart rate variability and complexity decreased during the race. The biomechanical parameters showed a significant alteration even with a small change in perceived fatigue, whereas the heart rate dynamics altered at higher changes. When divided into two groups, the slower runners presented a higher change in heart rate dynamics throughout the race than the faster runners; they both showed similar trends for the gait parameters. When tested for linear and non-linear correlations, heart rate had the highest association with biomechanical parameters, while the trunk anteroposterior acceleration had the lowest association with heart rate dynamics. These results indicate the ability of faster runners to better judge their physiological limits and hint toward a higher sensitivity of perceived fatigue to neuromuscular changes in the running gait. This study highlights measurable influences of acute fatigue, which can be studied only through concurrent measurement of biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets of running in real-world conditions.

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“…All participants demonstrated very good-toexcellent physiological measures (e.g., VO 2 max , % VO 2 max at GET) during the ramped incremental trials (de Pauw et al 2013). Therefore, having a collection of participants with a narrower distribution of physiological capabilities compared to other studies (Cochrane et al 2015a;Bergstrom et al 2015) could explain the low CoV values and confidence intervals observed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Test–retest reliability of a 30-min fixed perceived effort cycling exercise

2022

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Purpose Using exercise protocols at a fixed rating of perceived effort (RPE) is a useful method for exploring the psychophysical influences on exercise performance. However, studies that have employed this protocol have arbitrarily selected RPE values without considering how these values correspond to exercise intensity thresholds and domains. Therefore, aligning RPE intensities with established physiological thresholds seems more appropriate, although the reliability of this method has not been assessed. Methods Eight recreationally active cyclists completed two identical ramped incremental trials on a cycle ergometer to identify gas exchange threshold (GET). A linear regression model plotted RPE responses during this test alongside gas parameters to establish an RPE corresponding to GET (RPEGET) and 15% above GET (RPE+15%GET). Participants then completed three trials at each intensity, in which performance, physiological, and psychological measures were averaged into 5-min time zone (TZ) intervals and 30-min ‘overall’ averages. Data were assessed for reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and accompanying standard error measurements (SEM), 95% confidence intervals, and coefficient of variations (CoV). Results All performance and gas parameters showed excellent levels of test–retest reliability (ICCs = > .900) across both intensities. Performance, gas-related measures, and heart rate averaged over the entire 30-min exercise demonstrated good intra-individual reliability (CoV = < 5%). Conclusion Recreationally active cyclists can reliably replicate fixed perceived effort exercise across multiple visits when RPE is aligned to physiological thresholds. Some evidence suggests that exercise at RPE+15%GET is more reliable than RPEGET.

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Factors underlying the perception of effort during constant heart rate running above and below the critical heart rate

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate

Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate

Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue

Test–retest reliability of a 30-min fixed perceived effort cycling exercise

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