Factors that influence the extraction methods of terpenes from natural sources

Abstract

Due to their various applications, terpenes and terpenoids are secondary metabolites of industrial interest. These compounds can be found in a wide variety of organisms from virtually all biological kingdoms. However, it has been identified that various factors in the production process, such as the place and time of harvest, pretreatments, extraction, and purification, generate differences in the profile of terpenes and terpenoids that can be obtained from organisms. The first factor that influences the extraction of compounds is drying since an inappropriate choice of the drying method can lead to the loss of the compounds of interest or the appearance of others that arise due to the decomposition of the original molecules. Similarly, Soxhlet extraction is the most used method in the recovery of terpenoids due to its high extraction efficiency. However, unconventional extraction methods have proven to be effective alternatives for terpenoid recovery, particularly the use of microwave and high-pressure extraction, as well as the use of unconventional solvents, achieving extraction efficiencies equal to or greater than Soxhlet in shorter times. This review will address the differences observed in the extraction of terpenoids and the main factors that cause them, as well as a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methodologies for drying, extraction, and separation of these compounds.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Terpenoids from Indocalamus latifolius Leaves: Optimization, Purification, and Antioxidant Activity

“…Due to the nonpolar SC-CO 2 , polar modifiers facilitate the rapid and efficient solubility of polar molecules [ 44 ]. Initially, the yield of the ILLTs increased, reaching a maximum, but decreased when the cosolvent concentration exceeded 10% ( v / w ), as depicted in Figure 7 C. According to González-Hernández et al [ 45 ], less significant non-polar terpene hydrocarbons gradually transform into oxygenated terpenes with an increase in the cosolvent amount, demonstrating the cosolvent’s function. Subsequently, a cosolvent concentration of 10% ( v / w ) was selected as the CCD central point.…”

Optimized microwave-assisted azadirachtin extraction using response surface methodology

“…In general, the extraction efficiency of secondary metabolites depends on multiple factors, the most relevant being the nature of the plant material, polarity of the solvent, temperature, particle size generated during grinding, and extraction technique used, among others. These effects can be manifested independently or in combination [ 26 , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. For MAE-assisted extractions in hydroethanolic systems, it is essential to evaluate the effect of pH, extraction time, and voltage of the equipment used during extraction [ 36 , 37 ], since to date they have not been reported for RSM optimization processes using a BBD.…”

“…These effects can be manifested independently or in combination [ 26 , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. For MAE-assisted extractions in hydroethanolic systems, it is essential to evaluate the effect of pH, extraction time, and voltage of the equipment used during extraction [ 36 , 37 ], since to date they have not been reported for RSM optimization processes using a BBD. In our study, to achieve the highest azadirachtin content, the BBD model was used to further optimize the MAE parameters, including the solid/liquid ratio (0.2 g/mL), extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), microwave voltage (60, 70, and 80 V), and pH of system (4, 5 and 6).…”