Factors That Influence the Downstream Migration Rates of Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead through the Hydroelectric System in the Mid-Columbia River Basin

Giorgi, Albert E.; Hillman, T. W.; Stevenson, John R.; Hays, S; Peven, Charles M.

doi:10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0268:ftitdm>2.3.co;2

Cited by 68 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Size at release may also affect migration behavior, as larger smolts tend to migrate earlier or faster than smaller ones in freshwater systems (Ewing et al 1984;Giorgi et al 1997;Beckman et al 1998 smolt size on early marine migration patterns. In the Baltic Sea, larger Atlantic salmon smolts migrated shorter distances than smaller smolts (Kallio-Nyberg et al 1999;Jutila et al 2003;Saloniemi et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Hatchery Rearing Practices on Salmon Migratory Behavior: Is the Tendency of Chinook Salmon to Remain within Puget Sound Affected by Size and Date of Release?

et al. 2011

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The marine migrations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., and especially Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, vary greatly in duration and spatial extent. In Puget Sound, Washington, most Chinook salmon migrate from freshwater to the coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean before returning to spawn in their natal streams. However, some leave freshwater but remain in the semi‐estuarine waters of Puget Sound until they mature and then return to freshwater to spawn. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of rearing conditions and hatchery location on the prevalence of this alternative pattern of marine distribution by hatchery‐produced Chinook salmon in Puget Sound. We used coded wire tag recovery data to analyze the effect of release region, age, size, and date of release on the proportion of fish showing resident‐type behavior, defined as recovery in Puget Sound fisheries outside the period when maturing salmon return from the coast. Based on 226 different release groups from 26 hatcheries throughout Puget Sound from 1972 to 1993, 24% of the fish recovered were classified as residents, though this is not an actual estimate of the percentage of fish displaying this distribution pattern. The best single predictor of residency was release region, suggesting that where fish enter the marine environment had the largest influence on whether they adopted resident behavior or migrated directly to the ocean. The overall best model included an interactive effect between release region and size at release, revealing that the propensity of large fish to remain resident varied significantly among regions. The actual mechanisms that create the diversity of distribution patterns are still unknown, but the effects of rearing conditions and release location provide useful information for the management of these salmon populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Hatchery Rearing Practices on Salmon Migratory Behavior: Is the Tendency of Chinook Salmon to Remain within Puget Sound Affected by Size and Date of Release?

et al. 2011

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“…Studies conducted in the Columbia River did not show compelling evidence that migration of subyearling Chinook salmon, steelhead, and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) was affected by changes in river flow (Giorgi et al 1997). However, in experimental channels, McPhee and Brusven (1976) demonstrated that a 17-fold flow fluctuation caused 60% of the Chinook salmon fry to emigrate.…”

Section: Migration Cuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydropower-related pulsed-flow impacts on stream fishes: a brief review, conceptual model, knowledge gaps, and research needs

Young

Cech

Thompson

2011

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

191

221

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The societal benefits of hydropower systems (e.g., relatively clean electrical power, water supply, flood control, and recreation) come with a cost to native stream fishes. We reviewed and synthesized the literature on hydropower-related pulsed flows to guide resource managers in addressing significant impacts while avoiding unnecessary curtailment of hydropower operations. Dams may release pulsed flows in response to needs for peaking power, recreational flows, reservoir storage adjustment for flood control, or to mimic natural peaks in the hydrograph. Depending on timing, frequency, duration, and magnitude, pulsed flows can have adverse or beneficial short and long-term effects on resident or migratory stream fishes. Adverse effects include direct impacts to fish populations due to (1) stranding of fishes along the changing channel margins, (2) downstream displacement of fishes, and (3) reduced spawning and rearing success due to redd/nest dewatering and untimely or obstructed migration. Beneficial effects include: (1) maintenance of habitat for spawning and rearing, and (2) biological cues to trigger spawning, hatching, and migration. We developed a basic conceptual model to predict the effects of different types of pulsed flow, identified gaps in knowledge, and identified research activities to address these gaps. There is a clear need for a quantitative framework incorporating mathematical representations of field and laboratory results on flow, temperature, habitat structure, fish life stages by season, fish population dynamics, and multiple fish species, which can be used to predict outcomes and design mitigation strategies in other regulated streams experiencing pulsed flows.

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“…This technology has been used primarily to monitor migration through small orifices, especially at dams (Prentice et al 1990 a&b;Giorgi et al 1997). Recently PIT tags have been used in field applications for individual marking of many fish species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Fish Movements, Migration Patterns, and Population Abundance with Streamwidth PIT Tag Interrogation Systems, Final Report 2002.

Zydlewski¹,

Winter²,

McClanahan³

2003

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Executive SummaryTwo remote Streamwidth PIT tag Interrogation systems (SPIs) were operated continuously for over one year to test the feasibility of these systems for generating movement, migration, survival and smolt production estimates for salmonids. A total of 1,588 juvenile (< 100 mm FL) naturally produced salmonids (7 coho salmon, 482 cutthroat trout, and 1,099 steelhead) were PIT tagged above the upstream-most SPI (9 sites approximately 1 linear km each) in Fall 2001. Age at tagging for wild caught cutthroat and steelhead was 1 year. SPIs were operating before any PIT tagged fish were released in the creek. Over 390,000 detections were recorded from October 2001 to 31 July 2002. Efficiencies were site dependent, but overall detection efficiency for the creek was 97% with 95% confidence intervals of 91 -100%. PIT tag detection efficiency ranged from 55-100 % depending on the SPI and varied throughout the year with average efficiencies of 73 % and 89 %. SPI efficiency of PIT tag detection was not completely dependent on electronics noise levels or environmental conditions. Fish from all tagging locations were detected at the SPIs. Steelhead and cutthroat trout were primarily detected moving in the Spring (April -June) coincident with the anticipated smolt migration. Steelhead were also detected moving past SPIs at lower numbers in the Fall and Winter. Travel time between SPIs (downstream movement) was highly dependent on time of year. Travel time in the Spring was significantly faster (34.4 ± 7.0 hours) for all species than during any other time of year (763.1 ± 267.0 hours). Steelhead and cutthroat migrating in the Spring were the same age as those that did not migrate in the Spring. Peak of steelhead migration recorded at the two SPIs was 5/11 and 5/12 and the peak in the screw trap was recorded on 5/17. Steelhead smolt production estimates using SPIs (3,802 with 95% confidence intervals of 3,440 -4,245) was similar to those using more standard screw trap methods (approximately 5,400). All species used the fastermoving/deeper section of the creek at both SPIs. A backpack PIT tag detector was also developed and used as another remote "recapture" for additional accuracy in estimating population survival and recapture probability. This unit was used at an approximate efficiency of 24% to survey the creek after the Spring migration. Twenty-five individual fish were re-located. All PIT tag data were used to calculate survival and recapture probabilities using the Cormack-Jolly-Seber population model. Survival for steelhead was high and recapture probability depended greatly on season. Probability of recapture was highest in Spring (29.5%) and relatively low in all other seasons (< 7% in Fall, Winter, and Summer). Wild steelhead PIT tagged in the field and returned to the laboratory had a tag retention rate of 97.6%. A laboratory study was designed to determine the effects of 3-sized PIT tags (12 mm, 20 mm, and 23 mm) on survival and growth of individuals. Survival from surgical implantation of 23 mm PIT tags w...

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Factors That Influence the Downstream Migration Rates of Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead through the Hydroelectric System in the Mid-Columbia River Basin

Cited by 68 publications

References 9 publications

The Influence of Hatchery Rearing Practices on Salmon Migratory Behavior: Is the Tendency of Chinook Salmon to Remain within Puget Sound Affected by Size and Date of Release?

The Influence of Hatchery Rearing Practices on Salmon Migratory Behavior: Is the Tendency of Chinook Salmon to Remain within Puget Sound Affected by Size and Date of Release?

Hydropower-related pulsed-flow impacts on stream fishes: a brief review, conceptual model, knowledge gaps, and research needs

Evaluation of Fish Movements, Migration Patterns, and Population Abundance with Streamwidth PIT Tag Interrogation Systems, Final Report 2002.

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