Factors that influence sunscreen application thickness and potential preservative exposure

Novick, Rachel M.; Anderson, Grace; Miller, Eric R.; Allgeier, Daniel; Unice, Kenneth M.

doi:10.1111/phpp.12171

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…28 The quantity applied depends on the application method, which influences the thickness of sunscreen on the skin, as well as on the time spent on application. 29,30 As the most common reasons for rejecting sunscreen in our study were a too laborious usage and an inconvenient feeling on the skin, it might be helpful to elucidate that the use of sunscreen in the right way is inevitable for the protective effect. Therefore, a formulation leaving a convenient feeling on the skin and attractive designs (eg, small sunscreen sizes for the use on the go, dispenser, or sprays that enable a "no touch" application) can increase the popularity of sunscreen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Campaigns should point out how sunscreen is applied correctly, because an inappropriate application of sunscreen can lead to an insufficient UV protection . The quantity applied depends on the application method, which influences the thickness of sunscreen on the skin, as well as on the time spent on application . As the most common reasons for rejecting sunscreen in our study were a too laborious usage and an inconvenient feeling on the skin, it might be helpful to elucidate that the use of sunscreen in the right way is inevitable for the protective effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use

Schneiderbanger

Heinzerling

Kirchberger

2019

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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Background/purpose: Incidence of melanoma is increasing globally. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as important risk factor for developing skin cancer can be influenced by tanning behavior. Only a few studies are available concerning sun tanning behavior and protective measures.Methods: An online survey was distributed via social media to assess tanning habits and examine associated demographic and behavioral factors. Results:In total, 403 questionnaires were distributed, and mean age of respondents was 32. Having a tanned skin, feeling warm and relaxed were the most common motivations for tanning. The use of sunscreen varied and seemed to depend on the occasion of UVR exposure, constantly applied during vacation and during tanning, less commonly applied in daily life and during work. Avoiding painful solar dermatitis was more important as motivation for the use of sunscreen than skin cancer prevention. Skin aging as reason for the use of sunscreen was especially important for females younger than 26 years. The most common applied sun protection factor was 16-49. The main reason opposing the use of sunscreen was a too laborious usage, which was significantly associated with male.Beauty was the only association related to tanned skin the majority (62%) agreed with. Conclusion:The motivation for tanning and reasons for avoiding sunscreen strongly varies. Knowledge about these factors could be used for improving campaigns with respect to target groups. Clarifying the appropriate application of sunscreen, developing convenient sunscreen formulations and providing information about UVRinduced skin aging could lead to an increased usage of sunscreen and therefore to an improved UVR protection. K E Y W O R D Smelanoma, sunscreen, tanning, ultraviolet radiation | INTRODUC TI ONSeveral skin cancer campaigns focus on promoting the awareness of natural and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure being a risk factor for skin cancer and aging. To successfully implement such campaigns, the identification of risk groups for future UVR damage due to high-risk tanning behavior is crucial. A Danish group found associations between high-risk tanning behavior like frequent sunbathing,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use

Schneiderbanger

Heinzerling

Kirchberger

2019

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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“…There were several behavioral studies on sunscreen use that aimed to identify the difference between theoretical UVPE (ie, labeled SPF) and actual UV protection and to find out ways to improve UV protection . Most of those studies showed that the amount of applied sunscreen in real‐life situations was significantly lower than the amount defined in the ISO24444.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were several behavioral studies on sunscreen use that aimed to identify the difference between theoretical UVPE (ie, labeled SPF) and actual UV protection and to find out ways to improve UV protection. [8][9][10][11][12][13][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Most of those studies showed that the amount of applied sunscreen in real-life situations was significantly lower than the amount defined in the ISO24444. The reported amounts varied from 0.1 to 1.6 mg/cm 2 , and this was probably caused by the formulations used, the situations, countries, examined areas, and weighing methods.…”

Section: Application For Behavioral Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the multispectral UV polarization reflectance imaging system (MUPRIS) for in situ monitoring of the UV protection efficacy of sunscreen on human skin

Nishino

Haryu

Kinoshita

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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BackgroundProtection of the human skin from ultraviolet (UV) damage is one of the main issues in dermatology and cosmetology. The UV protection efficacy (UVPE) of the sunscreen film is decreased by sweat, sebum, and friction during the day. However, the technical relationship between the UVPE evaluated in a laboratory and the actual protection in daily use has not been clarified, because the UVPE measurement method in real‐life setting has not been established. This study aimed to develop a novel UVPE evaluation system that allows in situ monitoring of the UVPE in real‐life activities.MethodsThe multispectral UV polarization reflectance imaging system (MUPRIS) and a UVPE estimation algorithm were developed. The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured for a total of 48 sunscreen materials that were applied on 59 subjects. The UVPEs estimated from the diffuse reflectance spectra were compared with the in vivo SPFs. Finally, the UVPE before and after a marine leisure activity was evaluated using the MUPRIS as the practical use test.ResultsCompared with the conventional UV camera, the MUPRIS could visualize the applied sunscreen more clearly and showed good UVPE estimation accuracy (correlation coefficient for in vivo SPF, 0.82). In the practical use test, the degradation of the UVPE during a marine leisure activity was quantitatively monitored and was validated by the actual occurrence of sunburn.ConclusionsA novel in situ UVPE monitoring tool had been successfully developed. It can strongly support the development of innovative sunscreen products that can perfectly protect customers against UV irradiation in real‐life situation.

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“…The result of the quantity study may thus be affected by selection bias. Previous studies performed outside Denmark have also measured the quantity of sunscreen by weighing sunscreen bottles before and after application, most of the measurements being performed in laboratory environments (11)(12)(13). The trend is, however, that participants use smaller quantities of sunscreen in real-life situations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Trend in Sunscreen Use among Beachgoers in Denmark

Heerfordt¹,

Philipsen²,

Larsen³

et al. 2017

Acta Derm Venerol

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This observational study examined the trend from the 1990s to 2016 of sunscreen use, sun protection factor (SPF) and quantity of sunscreen applied amongst beachgoers in Denmark. In 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2016, a total of 1,306 beachgoers were asked if they had used sunscreen on that day and, if so, which SPF. In 1992 and 2016 another 143 beachgoers had their sunscreen bottles weighed before and after application. The frequency of sunscreen use among women increased from 45% in 1997 to 78% in 2016, while the frequency of use among men increased from 39% to 49%. For both sexes the median SPF increased, on average, by one unit per year, from SPF 5 in 1997 to SPF 20 in 2016. The quantity of sunscreen applied increased from 0.48 mg/cm2 in 1992 to 0.57 mg/cm2 in 2016. Thus, the frequency of sunscreen use, the SPF, and the quantity of sunscreen applied have increased in the recent decades.

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Factors that influence sunscreen application thickness and potential preservative exposure

Abstract: In this study, sunscreen users applied different amounts of sunscreen depending on the application method, affording different levels of sun protection. Typical use of the sunscreens is not likely to result in MI sensitization.

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use

Characterization of tanning behavior assessed via online survey: Attitudes, habits, and preventive measures with focus on sunscreen use

Development of the multispectral UV polarization reflectance imaging system (MUPRIS) for in situ monitoring of the UV protection efficacy of sunscreen on human skin

Long-term Trend in Sunscreen Use among Beachgoers in Denmark

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