Factors that determine the positions where Pseudoxenos iwatai Esaki (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) extrudes from the host abdomen

Maeta, Yasuo; Goukon, Katsuo; Kitamura, Kenji; Miyanaga, Ryoichi

doi:10.1163/22119434-900000086

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…In Xenos vesparum development, four larval instars can be distinguished, based on changes in shape, size and cuticles. Our data are in agreement with histo-morphological studies carried out in other Strepsiptera: Elenchus tenuicornis (Kathirithamby et al, 1984), Stichotrema dallatorreanum (Kathirithamby, 2000) and Pseudoxenos iwatai (Maeta et al, 2001). The 1st instar larva (Fig.…”

Section: Results the Parasite's Perspectivesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In addition, the intestinal tract became more and more evident and gonads started to differentiate. As described earlier by Maeta et al (2001) in Pseudoxenos iwatai, when transferred into buffer late 3rd instar larvae of Xenos vesparum settled with the ventral part of the body upward; they twisted their bodies up and downwards, until they closed like a ring. In P. iwatai parasite larvae migrated to the final position of future extrusion from the host eumenid wasp at just this stage.…”

Section: Results the Parasite's Perspectivesupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The process of entry into the host has already been described in other Strepsiptera by Maeta et al (2001) and Kathirithamby (1989). According to the former, the triungulins of Pseudoxenos iwatai (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) ''gnawed the chorion with their mandibles'' while invading the eggs of a eumenid wasp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental strategy of the endoparasite Xenos vesparum (strepsiptera, Insecta): Host invasion and elusion of its defense reactions

Manfredini

Giusti

Beani

et al. 2007

Journal of Morphology

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To successfully complete its endoparasitic development, the strepsipteran Xenos vesparum needs to elude the defense mechanisms of its host, the wasp Polistes dominulus. SEM and TEM observations after artificial infections allow us to outline the steps of this intimate host-parasite association. Triungulins, the mobile 1st instar larvae of this parasite, are able to "softly" overcome structural barriers of the larval wasp (cuticle and epidermis) without any traumatic reaction at the entry site, to reach the hemocoel where they settle. The parasite molts 48 h later to a 2nd instar larva, which moves away from the 1st instar exuvium, molts twice more without ecdysis (a feature unique to Strepsiptera) and pupates, if male, or develops into a neotenic female. Host encapsulation involves the abandoned 1st larval exuvium, but not the living parasite. In contrast to the usual process of encapsulation, it occurs only 48 h after host invasion or later, and without any melanization. In further experiments, first, we verified Xenos vesparum's ability to reinfect an already parasitized wasp larva. Second, 2nd instar larvae implanted in a new host did not evoke any response by hemocytes. Third, we tested the efficiency of host defense mechanisms by implanting nylon filaments in control larval wasps, excluding any effect due the dynamic behavior of a living parasite; within a few minutes, we observed the beginning of a typical melanotic encapsulation plus an initial melanization in the wound site. We conclude that the immune response of the wasp is manipulated by the parasite, which is able to delay and redirect encapsulation towards a pseudo-target, the exuvia of triungulins, and to elude hemocyte attack through an active suppression of the immune defense and/or a passive avoidance of encapsulation by peculiar surface chemical properties.

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Section: Results the Parasite's Perspectivesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Results the Parasite's Perspectivesupporting

confidence: 53%

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Developmental strategy of the endoparasite Xenos vesparum (strepsiptera, Insecta): Host invasion and elusion of its defense reactions

Manfredini

Giusti

Beani

et al. 2007

Journal of Morphology

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“…concerning hymenopterans' nests parasitized by Strepsiptera have assumed phoresy as the only mechanism of infection and two studies documented it (for non-social species, Linsley and McSwain 1957;Maeta et al, 2001). Pardi (1946) first observed that gynes parasitized by Strepsiptera moved from one nest to another during the pre-emergence period (though not establishing if they were infective).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of the parasite Strepsiptera in Polistes as detected by dissection of immatures

Hughes¹,

Beani

Turillazzi

et al. 2003

Insectes Sociaux

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Though the paper wasp genus, Polistes, is well studied, we know little of the incidence of parasitism in this group. Here we present details of 45 nest dissections for 4 species: P. dominulus (Christ), P. gallicus (L.), P. stabilinus Richards and P. carnifex (F.) to detail levels of parasitism of colony members by the obligate parasitic group of insects, the Strepsiptera. All 4 species showed evidence of parasitism among immature members. For 3 species, more than 50 % of inspected nests were parasitized and the levels of parasitism among brood (larvae and pupae) was very high and did not differ significantly between parasitized nests. One species, P. stabilinus, suffered very low levels of parasitism, which may be related to its habitat choice. The number of parasites per host was positively related to the proportion of infected brood (parasite prevalence) and in some cases reached phenomenally high levels, which casts doubt on previously assumed mechanisms of infection for nest-making Hymenoptera, i.e. phoresy. We also document cases of egg parasitism and encapsulation in Polistes nests. Our data show that parasitism levels greatly varied among areas. Finally, the recent debate on the competitive advantage of P. dominulus in its introduced range, USA, has credited an absence of strepsipteran parasites of this species in facilitating its spread. For the first time, we document levels of parasitism for this species in its nature P range and this would appear to corroborate previous claims. We place our work in the context of other studies of parasitism of social insects and posit that the genus Polistes may have much to offer to this field.

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“…Females of S. advarians were most often found protruding between the 4 th and 5 th tergites of their host's gasters, even when three females were present. The consistent location of the females within their host may signify that this position provides the female with the greatest reproductive success (Maeta et al ., 2001). This location within the host allows the female parasite to grow to the anterior end of her host's gaster, without impacting important organs of the host in a debilitating way.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history traits and interactions of Stylops advarians (Strepsiptera) with its bee host, Andrena milwaukeensis

Balzer

Davis

2020

Parasitology

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Specimens of Stylops advarians were sampled by collecting foraging bees of Andrena milwaukeensis along the South Saskatchewan River within Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. As the foraging season progressed from early May till late June over three consecutive years (2016–2018), most stylopized bees possessed endoparasitic adult (neotenic) females of S. advarians protruding from the bee gaster's dorsum. In contrast, very few adult bees stylopized by male puparia, and no free-living males, were encountered. Over the sampling period, prevalence remained around 22% each year; mean intensity was 1.2 (range of 1–3 female parasites per bee); and parasite abundance was 0.27. Also newly reported for Stylops is the occurrence of one bee bearing four Stylops (two neotenic females and two males with puparia), plus another bee with a male puparium extruded from its gaster's sternites. Around 2 May each year, a high proportion of the earliest captured female bees were stylopized. However, non-stylopized female bees typically were not encountered until about 10 days later, suggesting the parasites manipulate female bee hosts to emerge earlier, in close synchrony to male bee emergence. First-instar larvae of S. advarians appeared from 22–25 May, indicating that adults of S. advarians matured and mated at similar times each season.

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Factors that determine the positions where Pseudoxenos iwatai Esaki (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) extrudes from the host abdomen

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Developmental strategy of the endoparasite Xenos vesparum (strepsiptera, Insecta): Host invasion and elusion of its defense reactions

Developmental strategy of the endoparasite Xenos vesparum (strepsiptera, Insecta): Host invasion and elusion of its defense reactions

Prevalence of the parasite Strepsiptera in Polistes as detected by dissection of immatures

Life history traits and interactions of Stylops advarians (Strepsiptera) with its bee host, Andrena milwaukeensis

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