Factors of Soil Formation

Jenny, Hans

doi:10.1097/00010694-194111000-00009

Cited by 2,061 publications

(887 citation statements)

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“…As established by Dokuchaev (1883) and Jenny (1941), soils, or any particular soil property, re£ect the interplay of the ¢ve soil-forming factors: parent material, climate, organisms, topography and time. For this region of the Russian steppe, parent materials have uniformly low magnetic concentrations and variability, topography is rolling to £at (only inter£uve sites have been sampled) and duration of soil formation apparently constant (there has been minimal accumulation of loess since the last glacial stage).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Magnetic mineralogy of soils across the Russian Steppe: climatic dependence of pedogenic magnetite formation

Maher

Alekseev

Alekseeva

2003

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

187

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Formation of ferrimagnets in well-drained, buffered, unpolluted soils appears to be related to climate, and especially rainfall. If robust, this magnetism/rainfall couple can be used to estimate past rainfall from buried soils, particularly the multiple soils of the Quaternary loess/soil sequences of Central Asia. However, dispute exists regarding the role of climate vs. dust flux for the magnetic properties of modern loessic soils. Here, we examine the mineralogical basis of the magnetism/rainfall link for a climate transect across the loess-mantled Russian steppe, where, critically, dust accumulation is minimal at the present day. Magnetic and independent mineralogical analyses identify in situ formation of ferrimagnets in these grassland soils; increased ferrimagnetic concentrations are associated with higher annual rainfall. XRD and electron microscopy show the soil-formed ferrimagnets are ultrafinegrained ( 6 V50 nm) and pure. Ferrimagnetic contributions to Mo « ssbauer spectra range from 17% in the parent loess to 42% for a subsoil sample from the highest rainfall area. Total iron content varies little but the systematic magnetic increases are accompanied by decreased Fe 2þ content, reflecting increased silicate weathering. For this region, parent materials are loessial deposits, topography is rolling to flat and duration of soil formation effectively constant. The variations in soil magnetic properties thus predominantly reflect climate (and its co-variant, organic activity)ŝ tatistical analysis identifies strongest relationships between rainfall and magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanence. This magnetic response correlates with that of the modern soils across the Chinese Loess Plateau. Such correlation suggests that the rainfall component of the climate system, not dust flux, is a key influence on soil magnetic properties in both these regions. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Magnetic mineralogy of soils across the Russian Steppe: climatic dependence of pedogenic magnetite formation

Maher

Alekseev

Alekseeva

2003

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

187

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“…The occurrence and rates at which these processes contribute to soil formation depend on the soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time [57]. For example, soils develop more rapidly under a warm wet climate than under a cold dry climate, due to more intense weathering and leaching, and conifers promote rapid soil development compared with deciduous trees through the acidifying properties of their litter.…”

Section: Box 2 Pedogenic Changes Along Long-term Soil Chronosequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the few studies to explore the effects of spatial heterogeneity on plant diversity during long-term pedogenesis measured within-community spatial variability in five soil properties (NH 4 -N, amino N, PO 4 -P, microbial biomass, and litter decomposition rate) and related it to changes in plant community composition and species richness along [57] that are controlled for by using the chronosequence approach [50,51] and, therefore, can be omitted from the model. Relevant theories and hypothesized effects (+, positive; -, negative; +/-, nonlinear or context dependent) are shown next to the arrows.…”

Section: Soil Spatial Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

How does pedogenesis drive plant diversity?

Laliberté

Grace

Huston

et al. 2013

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

169

159

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“…Consequently, we expected that with increasing soil fertility, as measured by increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), increasing soil total nitrogen (STN) and decreasing bulk density (BD), leaf N, P, photosynthetic rates should increase and LMA decrease among sites. Alternatively, because the formation of soil fertility is strongly associated with climate (Jenny 1941;Schlesinger 1997), a large amount of the explanatory power of soil variables may already be included in climatic variables; thus the second hypothesis is that soil fertility may not explain much of the remaining variation of leaf traits unexplained by climate at the broad scale. These hypotheses were tested using data from a systematic census of 171 species over 174 research sites in the grassland biomes of China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic identity, phylogeny, climate and soil fertility as drivers of leaf traits across Chinese grassland biomes

Wang

Schmid

et al. 2010

J Plant Res

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Although broad-scale inter-specific patterns of leaf traits are influenced by climate, soil, and taxonomic identity, integrated assessments of these drivers remain rare. Here, we quantify these drivers in a field study of 171 plant species in 174 sites across Chinese grasslands, including the Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang. General linear models were used to partition leaf trait variation. Of the total variation in leaf traits, on average 27% is due to taxonomic or phylogenetic differences among species within sites (pure species effect), 29%to variation among sites within species (pure site effect), 38% to joint effects of taxonomic and environmental factors (shared effect), and 6.2% to within-site and within-species variation. Examining the pure site effect, climate explained 7.8%, soil explained 7.4%, and climate and soil variables together accounted for 11%, leaving 18% of the inter-site variation due to factors other than climate or soil. The results do not support the hypothesis that soil fertility is the "missing link" to explain leaf trait variation unexplained by climatic factors.Climate-and soil-induced leaf adaptations occur mostly among species, and that leaf traits vary little within species in Chinese grassland plants, despite strongly varying climate and soil conditions.

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Factors of Soil Formation

Cited by 2,061 publications

References 0 publications

Magnetic mineralogy of soils across the Russian Steppe: climatic dependence of pedogenic magnetite formation

Magnetic mineralogy of soils across the Russian Steppe: climatic dependence of pedogenic magnetite formation

How does pedogenesis drive plant diversity?

Taxonomic identity, phylogeny, climate and soil fertility as drivers of leaf traits across Chinese grassland biomes

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