Factors of Recidivism among Individuals with Co-occurring Conditions in Rural Mental Health Jail Interventions

Abstract

Estimates indicate that nearly half of rural jail detainees meet the criteria for co-occurring disorders (COD). It is critical to examine factors of recidivism among detainees with COD in rural communities. This exploratory study aimed to examine factors of recidivism among adults in rural jails. Administrative data sources were utilized to assess postyear recidivism among 191 individuals with COD who participated in a jail-based intervention. Results indicated that a greater number of previous jail bookings and not receiving continuity of care were the strongest associations of overall recidivism, and a greater number of previous jail bookings was associated with of multiple recidivism events. The protective effect of receiving continuity of care was diminished in reducing recidivism 4- to 12-months following jail release. Re-entry services should consider developing or further expand specialized psychiatric care parole and connections to evidence-based integrated dual diagnosis treatment with a focus on programs with adaptability for rurality.

Residential Instability and Suicidal Ideation Among Persons on Parole

“…As highlighted in previous research, individuals with mental health diagnoses are likely to experience exacerbated symptoms while in the prison environment, which may lead to charges of institutional misconduct, and in turn, placement in solitary confinement (Houser et al, 2019). Consequently, these individuals are less likely to be connected to re-entry services in their area as they face parole, including housing and community mental health agencies (Victor et al, 2022). Once these individuals are released into the community, they are less likely to remain in stable housing and remain disconnected from mental health services, thereby exacerbating their mental health symptoms, ultimately leading to suicidality.…”

Substance use disorder and rural detention center readmission: Results from a 3-year prospective cohort study.

“…The small amount of research that has contributed to understanding the prevalence of SUD in rural jails has produced a wide variety of results, due in part to the assortment of screening instruments used to identify the condition. Most of these approaches are based on simple reports of recent substance use (Staton et al, 2018), Medicaid records for SUD treatment serving as a proxy for a diagnosis (Victor et al, 2022), or a generic category combining specific SUDs into one group of drug-related conditions (Comartin et al, 2021; Miller & Miller, 2017). While these basic approaches have made important contributions to our knowledge of substance use in rural correctional facilities, more detailed assessments of specific SUDs are needed to better inform which types of services and treatment options might be best suited for the most prevalent conditions within this population.…”

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Co-Occurring Disorders: Is There a Relationship Among ACEs, Mental Health Issues, and Substance Use Among Inmates?

“…Additionally, correctional facilities have noted substantially higher rates of individuals suffering from mental health and substance abuse disorders than those in the general population (Raggio et al, 2017) with the vast majority of inmates in jails across the US having substance abuse disorders (Bowman & Ely, 2017, Kopak et al, 2019Raggio et al, 2017;Staton et al, 2018). Moreover, while incarceration rates for jails nationally has been declining over the last few years, in rural areas there has been a continual increase in these rates (Victor et al, 2022), which has been linked to methamphetamine and opioid abuse in rural communities (Raggio et al, 2017;Staton et al, 2018). However, while generally many inmates suffer from co-occurring mental health disorders (Bowman & Ely, 2017;Raggio et al, 2017;Staton et al, 2018), less is known about rural jail inmates specifically (Raggio et al, 2017;Victor et al, 2022).…”

“…Moreover, while incarceration rates for jails nationally has been declining over the last few years, in rural areas there has been a continual increase in these rates (Victor et al, 2022), which has been linked to methamphetamine and opioid abuse in rural communities (Raggio et al, 2017;Staton et al, 2018). However, while generally many inmates suffer from co-occurring mental health disorders (Bowman & Ely, 2017;Raggio et al, 2017;Staton et al, 2018), less is known about rural jail inmates specifically (Raggio et al, 2017;Victor et al, 2022). There may be protective factors that help individuals cope with their experiences with ACEs, mental health issues, substance abuse, and criminal justice involvement.…”