Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. A review

López‐Gatius, F.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.014

Cited by 107 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Heat stress is frequently cited as a risk factor for low conception rates in the cow (Lopez-Gatius, 2012). However, we did not identify any effect of the season of AI on FF-EEM and LEM.…”

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confidence: 85%

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Sire effect on early and late embryonic death in French Holstein cattle

Ledoux

Ponsart²,

Grimard

et al. 2015

Animal

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We investigated the effect of maternal sire on early pregnancy failure (between D0, day of insemination and D90) in their progeny during the first and second lactations (n = 3508) in the Holstein breed. The estimated breeding value (EBV) for cow fertility of 12 bulls (reliability ⩾ 0.95) was used to create the following three groups: low, medium and high EBV (EBV from − 0.7 to 1 expressed as genetic standard deviation relative to the mean of the breed). In their daughters (93 to 516 per bull), progesterone measurement was carried out on the day of artificial insemination (AI; D0) to check whether the cows were in the follicular phase and on D18 to 25 to assess non-fertilisation-early embryonic mortality (NF-EEM). Late embryonic mortality (LEM) and early foetal death (FD) were determined by ultrasonography on D45 and D90 and by the return to oestrus after the first AI. Frequencies of NF-EEM, LEM, FD and pregnancy were 33.3%, 11.7%, 1.4% and 48.5% and incidences were 35.1, 19.0, 2.7 and 51.1, respectively. Sire EBV was significantly related to the incidences of pregnancy failure between D0 and D90, fertilisation failure-early embryonic mortality (FF-EEM) and LEM but not to the incidence of FD between D45 and D90 of pregnancy. The relative risk (RR) of FF-EEM was significantly higher (RR = 1.2; P < 0.05) for the progeny group of low EBV bulls when compared with high EBV bulls. The same effect was observed when comparing LEM of the progeny groups from the low EBV bulls to those from moderate and high EBV bulls (RR, respectively, of 1.3 and 1.4; P < 005). The incidence of FF-EEM was significantly higher when cows were inseminated before 80 days postpartum compared with later, and for the extreme values of the difference between milk fat and protein content measured during the first 3 months of lactation. FF-EEM was also significantly related to the year of observation. The incidence of LEM was higher for the highest producing cows and was influenced by interaction between milk yield × lactation rank and milk yield × milk protein content. In conclusion, this study showed large differences in early pregnancy failure between progeny groups and highlights the interest of accurate characterisation of embryonic death in order to identify potential candidate genes for female fertility.Keywords: dairy cow, female fertility, embryonic death, genetic evaluation, genetic selection ImplicationsThe objective of this study was to improve our understanding of genetic effects on early pregnancy failure in Holstein dairy cows. Daughters of 12 bulls of known fertility estimated breeding value (calculated using the calving rate of their lactating progeny) were followed between D0 (day of first artificial insemination) and D90 to identify non-fertilisationearly embryonic death, late embryonic death and early foetal death. We showed that the sire had a large effect on the incidence of NF-EEM and LEM, but this did not explain all the differences between progeny groups. Consequently, this study highlights the importance of defining the pre...

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“…Heat stress is frequently cited as a risk factor for low conception rates in the cow (Lopez-Gatius, 2012). However, we did not identify any effect of the season of AI on FF-EEM and LEM.…”

contrasting

confidence: 85%

“…The year of observation effect observed in this survey might be due to the Bluetongue disease, which appeared in France in 2006 and re-emerged in 2007 and 2008. Both disease and vaccination have been recognised as factors decreasing fertility and increasing return rate after insemination in French dairy cattle (Nusinovici et al, 2011 and2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sire effect on early and late embryonic death in French Holstein cattle

Ledoux

Ponsart²,

Grimard

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…Several authors have recently addressed potential relationships between normal oestrous cycles and the metabolic profile of cows during the breeding period (Wathes et al, 2007;López-Gatius, 2012). As detailed above, the metabolic profile of later postpartum cows (>30 days postpartum) still involves relatively low concentrations of glucose, insulin and IGF1 although concentrations of NEFA and BHBA have typically normalized.…”

Section: Itemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Lucy

Butler

Garverick

2014

Animal

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Milk and milk solids production per cow is increasing annually in dairy systems. Peak milk production is in early lactation when the uterus and ovary are recovering from the previous pregnancy. The competing processes of milk production and restoration of reproductive function can be at odds, particularly if unique homeorhetic mechanisms that typify early lactation become imbalanced and cows experience metabolic disease. Homeorhesis leads to an increase in the synthesis of glucose that is irreversibly lost to milk lactose. Irreversible loss of glucose during lactation can invoke an endocrine and metabolic state that impinges upon postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and subsequent establishment of pregnancy. The first 30 days postpartum may be most critical in terms of the impact that metabolites and metabolic hormones have on reproduction. Depressed immune function caused in part by the postpartum metabolic profile leads to a failure in uterine involution and uterine disease. Oestrous cyclicity (interval to first ovulation and subsequent periodicity) is affected by the same hormones and metabolites that control postpartum immune function. Slower growth of the embryo or foetus perhaps explained by the unique metabolic profile during lactation may predispose cows to pregnancy loss. Understanding homeorhetic mechanisms that involve glucose and collectively affect postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and the establishment of pregnancy should lead to methods to improve postpartum fertility in dairy cows.Keywords: glucose, IGF1, insulin, pregnancy, dairy cow ImplicationsCompeting processes of milk production and reproduction can be at odds in dairy cows, particularly if the unique metabolic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced. A potential end result is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period. The need to replace infertile cows adds to the cost of production. Understanding basic mechanisms that link the first 60 days of lactation with the subsequent success or failure of establishing pregnancy during the breeding period, therefore, is an important area of research for the dairy industry. IntroductionWithin most dairy production systems, milk or milk solids production per cow is increasing annually. The average United States dairy cow, for example, produces in excess of 9500 kg of milk annually. Peak milk production is in early lactation (within 30 to 60 days after calving) when the uterus is involuting and the ovary is restoring the cyclic processes that lead to oestrus, ovulation, and the formation of a corpus luteum. Competing processes of milk production, uterine involution, and the restoration of ovarian activity can be at odds, particularly if the unique homeorhetic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced and there is metabolic disease. A potential end result of the competition between high milk production and the reproductive system is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period which is typically initiated at~60 days after...

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“…It is therefore likely that controlled exposure to the infectious agent by vaccination protects susceptible seronegative animals from clinical symptoms or subclinical lesions and thus improves fertility. Possible positive effects of vaccination on subfertile cows after the first round of vaccination could be masked by primiparous cows which are more fertile than cows in their second or more parity (López-Gatius, 2012). The percentages of subfertile cows were 15.3% (58/378) and 22.7% (67/295) for the first and the second round of vaccination, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of long-term vaccination against Coxiella burnetii on the fertility of high-producing dairy cows

García-Ispierto

López-Helguera

Tutusaus

et al. 2015

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The impact of long-term vaccination against Coxiella burnetii on the fertility of cows was studied. Double vaccinations three weeks apart at the start of the third trimester of gestation in each of two consecutive pregnancies were applied. The final study population consisted of 410 cows after the first vaccination round. Based on the odds ratios, the likelihood of early fetal loss (pregnancy loss following a positive pregnancy diagnosis before Day 90 of gestation) was higher in control cows (OR = 1.42) than in vaccinated cows. The final study population consisted of 336 cows after the second round of vaccination. According to the odds ratios, vaccinated C. burnetii seronegative cows were less likely to be subfertile (> 3 AI) (OR = 0.4) compared to non-vaccinated seronegative animals, and the likelihood of early fetal loss was lower in vaccinated C. burnetii seropositive animals (OR = 0.3) compared to non-vaccinated seronegative cows. Seropositivity to C. burnetii was positively related to twin pregnancy after the two rounds of vaccination (OR = 2.1 and 3.5, respectively). These results indicate that two consecutive vaccination rounds against C. burnetii in advanced gestation reduce subfertility and early fetal loss in dairy cows.

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Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. A review

Cited by 107 publications

References 117 publications

Sire effect on early and late embryonic death in French Holstein cattle

Sire effect on early and late embryonic death in French Holstein cattle

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Effects of long-term vaccination against Coxiella burnetii on the fertility of high-producing dairy cows

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