Factors involved in relapse of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disorder, affects the central nervous system (CNS). It affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve, leading to problems with vision, balance, muscle control, and other basic bodily functions. MS relapse (MSR) involves an acute inflammatory demyelinating reaction within the CNS. This review focuses on the main factors involved in MSR based on a detailed literature search. Evidence suggests that MSR is influenced by age, sex, pregnancy, serum levels of Vitamin D, interactions between genetic and environmental factors, and infectious diseases. Many of these factors are modifiable and require the attention of patients and health-care providers if favorable outcomes are to be realized. Identification of MSR risk factors can help in the development of therapies that could be used to manage MS and MSR.

Association between multiple sclerosis disease severity and adherence to disease-modifying therapies

“…With more than 60% of our participants identified as living in the South, relapses may be lower given the association between latitude and MS incidence. 19,[31][32][33][34] Another variable that could contribute to this difference is the type of MS, such as relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, and secondary progressive MS, although MS type was not captured in the claims data.…”

Acute Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation After Vaccination With the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine: Novel Presentation and First Documented Case Report

“…MS relapses (MSR) are defined as acute inflammatory demyelinating reactions within the CNS. Risk factors include age, sex, serum levels of vitamin D, infections, and pregnancy [ 4 ]. At this point, it is unclear if vaccines are a risk factor for acute MSR [ 5 ].…”

Association Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Frequency of Relapses in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

“…It is important to identify various risks associated with increased risk of relapse and mitigate them to reduce the frequency of relapses [ 7 ]. Various risk factors such as age, bacterial infection, vitamin D levels, sex, and pregnancy have been discussed in various studies as potential risk factors for relapses [ 8 ]. In this study, we will determine the association between Vitamin D status and frequency of relapses in patients with MS in local setting.…”