Factors Influencing Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) and Diacetone Diperoxide (DADP) Formation: Part I

Oxley, Jimmie C.; Smith, James L.; Bowden, Patrick R.; Rettinger, Ryan

doi:10.1002/prep.201200116

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Potassiumn itrate, potassium chlorate,a nd potassium perchlorate (Fisher Scientific) were ground in mortar and sieved to obtain desired particle size. TATP and HMTD were synthesized and recrystallized according to previously published procedures [15,16].E xplosive microcrystallites were adhered to tipless cantilevers (Mikromasch CSC37-Tipless-Al BS, Nanoa nd More) using am icromanipulator (Micromanipulator M2525)a nd polarizedl ight microscope (Nikon Eclipse E400 POL). The cantilever platform was attached via double-sided carbontape to ahomemade probe (flattened wire) and inserted into the microma-nipulator.E nergetic material was added to ac lean glass microscopes lide.…”

Section: Energetic Materials Adhesionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic Material/Polymer Interaction Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

Oxley

Smith

Kagan

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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1IntroductionFor safety,l ong-term storage, and good performance, various tests must be performed when explosives are formulated with otherm aterials. Polymers in contact with explosives are used in an umber of ways, e.g. "plastic bonded" explosives, particulate encapsulation of explosives, or as swab materials and filters to collect explosivep articulates. Depending on applications, it is necessary to find polymers that adhere or repulse explosives;t he ability to achieve ab alanceb etweena ttraction and repulsion can also be desirable. In this work, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to assess explosive/polymer interactions.Typically,A FM generates topographic images of surface features from atomic to mms cale [1].H owever,A FM can also generate force curves betweenacantilever tip and sample surface [2][3][4][5][6].T hese force curves yield adhesive parametersf or the two test materials (i.e. tip and surface). By using the AFM cantilever and sample stage, an explosive particle affixed to the cantilever can be pressedo nto as amplem aterial, or,i nr everse, the sample material can be deposited onto the cantilever tip and pressed into am onolayero fe xplosive [7].P revious worko ne nergetic materials andA FM focused on adhesion to terminal groupfunctionalized self-assembled monolayers [8],a nd metal coupon finishes [9].In this study,a dhesion forces were obtained for nine energetic materials with eleven polymeric substrates (Section 3.1). The military explosives tested were 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Also tested were energetic salts (potassium chlorate,p otassium perchlorate, and potassium nitrate), and energeticp eroxides (hexam-ethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD)a nd triacetone triperoxide (TATP)). 2R esults and DiscussionQuantitativef orcem easurements were collected for av irgin tipped cantilevera nd polystyrene microsphere on Te flon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ( Table 1). Adhesion forcesc ould not be collected for at ipless cantileverw ith only glue because the overall adhesion was too great for the AFM to accurately measure. The adhesion forces for the virgin tipped cantilever were low with standard deviations no more than 60 %o f the observedv alues. The repeatability of these adhesion forces was likely due to the extremely well-characterized geometry and relatively small contact area of am anufactured AFM cantilever tip. Conversely,t he standardd eviation for adhesion forces was large for polystyrene microspheres. Thought he microsphere has well-characterized geometry (as confirmed via SEM), the lowere lastic modulus and increased contact area when compared to the silicon tip likely causedi ncreased overall measured adhesion [10].T he large microspherea dhesion forces suggest that if polymer substrate transferredt ot he energetic particle during as eries of force curves, the ensuing adhesion force on the Abstract:T he inte...

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Section: Energetic Materials Adhesionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic Material/Polymer Interaction Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

Oxley

Smith

Kagan

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…There are numerous references in the literature on the synthesis of TATP [10][11][12]. Almost all of them refer, however, to small-scale synthesis (i.e., a few grams) used to investigate its properties.…”

Section: In Situ Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Powdered Simulant of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) for Safe Testing of X-ray Transmission Screening Equipment

et al. 2020

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Explosives detection systems (EDS) based on X-ray are used at airports to screen baggage for the presence of explosives. Once EDS are installed in airports, however, it can be challenging to test the EDS equipment and verify that it continues to perform at the highest level, because of the impracticality of introducing bulk explosives into civil aviation airports. The problem is particularly acute for sensitive homemade explosives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP). This paper describes our work to develop a safe, accurate and stable simulant for TATP for EDS based on X-ray transmission. Bulk quantities of TATP were synthesised and characterised especially for this project, and we describe the unique challenges and safety considerations of collecting this data. Our calculations show that the expanded measurement uncertainty with a coverage factor of k = 2 is 5.7% for bulk density and 1.0% for Zeff at 24 months.

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“…The acid used for TATP preparation has not only an impact on product composition or its crystalline phase (polymorphism) but also on the properties of the TATP. Residual acid in TATP crystals can cause chemical decomposition of TATP causing spontaneous transformation into DADP .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of TATP: Impact of TATP Sublimation on the Content of Residual Acid in TATP Crystals and on TATP's Properties

Matyáš

Chýlková

2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The impact of four inorganic acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and perchloric) and six organic acids (formic, acetic, citric, tartaric, oxalic and ascorbic) on the acid concentration in raw TATP crystals and the behavior of TATP during heating have been studied. The residual acid content in solid TATP depends on the type of acid and on its concentration in the reaction mixture. Increasing the concentration of acid in the reaction mixture leads to a higher acid content in TATP crystals. Sublimation of TATP during storage also has a significant impact on the acid concentration in TATP crystals. Sublimation of TATP gradually in-creases the content of non-volatile acid in TATP crystals (sulfuric and solid organic acids) while the content of volatile acids (hydrochloric, nitric) does not significantly change during TATP sublimation. The increasing sulfuric acid content in TATP crystals during sublimation decreases thermal stability of TATP and the start of TATP decomposition was observed even at 45°C. The concentration of volatile hydrochloric and nitric acids does not change significantly in TATP crystals during sublimation and, therefore, the sublimation process does not have an impact on TATP's thermal stability in these cases.

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Factors Influencing Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) and Diacetone Diperoxide (DADP) Formation: Part I

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Energetic Material/Polymer Interaction Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

Energetic Material/Polymer Interaction Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

A Powdered Simulant of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) for Safe Testing of X-ray Transmission Screening Equipment

Study of TATP: Impact of TATP Sublimation on the Content of Residual Acid in TATP Crystals and on TATP's Properties

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