Factors Influencing the Variability of Antioxidative Phenolic Glycosides in Salix Species

Abstract

Phenolic glycosides, especially the salicylates, are important secondary metabolites in the bark of willows (Salix spp.). Because of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fever-reducing properties, they are of particular interest to society. Compared to the fabrication of synthetic salicylacetylic acid, the commercial production of willow bark extracts with adequate amounts of salicylate is very difficult due to several biological and technical reasons. Therefore, one of the objectives was to identify salicylate-rich clones from three species, Salix daphnoides , Salix purpurea , and Salix pentandra , with potentially high amounts of phenolic glycosides. Three hundred different Salix clones were collected, and the chemical profiles of their bark were analyzed by HPLC. Overall, S. daphnoides clones showed the highest phenolic glycoside contents, followed by S. purpurea and S. pentandra. Second, seasonal changes of secondary compounds in willow bark were analyzed to determine the optimal harvesting time. The phenolic glycoside levels decreased over the growing season, with highest contents detected during plant dormancy. The effects of different cultivation conditions were also examined, and none of these treatments were found to have a significant effect on the phenolic glycoside content in willow bark. Biomass accumulation in the clones with grass competition was significantly lower than in the other three treatments.

The Study of Interactions between Active Compounds of Coffee and Willow (Salixsp.) Bark Water Extract

“…The content of salicylates in the bark of S. myrsinifolia was higher in comparison to other herbal willows, such as S. purpurea , S. daphnoides , S. alba , and S. pentandra L. [50–57]. In our study we also observed a higher level of phenolic compounds in the bark of willow S. myrsinifolia (23.10 mg/g DM) compared to the S. purpurea (20.04 mg/g DM).…”

Independent and interactive effects of plant genotype and environment on plant traits and insect herbivore performance: A meta‐analysis with Salicaceae

“…Secondary metabolites mediate plant interactions with the environment and thus often undergo variable selection pressures across space and time, resulting in highly variable expression across plant genets (Lämke & Unsicker, ; Moore, Andrew, Külheim, & Foley, ). This broad pattern is seen in levels of salicinoids and condensed tannins in Salicaceae species, which can vary up to 10‐fold across genets grown in a common location (Boeckler et al., ; Förster, Ulrichs, Zander, Kätzel, & Mewis, ; Lindroth & St. Clair, ).…”

“…Symbols represent the generalized eta-squared (η 2 ) variation estimates, which were derived from models in Table 1 ( (Lämke & Unsicker, 2018;Moore, Andrew, Külheim, & Foley, 2014). This broad pattern is seen in levels of salicinoids and condensed tannins in Salicaceae species, which can vary up to 10-fold across genets grown in a common location (Boeckler et al, 2011;Förster, Ulrichs, Zander, Kätzel, & Mewis, 2010;Lindroth & St. Clair, 2013).…”

Species of the Genus Salix L.: Biochemical Screening and Molecular Docking Approach to Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

“…These variations could be ascribed to different part of the plant, polarity of solvent used for extraction, as well as environmental and growth conditions of the species. Moreover, secondary metabolite content in willows varies with season and time of the day, but also gender and age of the plant [33].…”