Factors Influencing the Rate of Killing of Escherichia coli Exposed to Benzalkonium Chloride

Klimek, John W.; Bailey, John Hays

doi:10.1128/aem.4.1.53-59.1956

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The concentrations of QACs recommended for routine use far exceed that required to eliminate vegetative bacteria under laboratory conditions. But practical conditions, including nonvegetative bacterial growth, the presence of biofilm and nonbiofilm organic matter, high ion concentrations, and pH, can all impact QAC action, allowing bacteria to persist and spread ( 18 – 21 ). Thus, understanding how concentration affects the mechanism of QAC action is critical to understanding and anticipating potential impacts on surviving bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Antimicrobial Action of Quaternary Amines against Acinetobacter baumannii

Knauf

Cunningham

Kazi

et al. 2018

mBio

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Quaternary amine compounds (QAC) are potent antimicrobials used to prevent the spread of pathogenic bacteria. While they are known for their membrane-damaging properties, QAC action has been suggested to extend beyond the surface to intracellular targets. Here we characterize the range of action of the QAC biocide benzalkonium chloride (BZK) against the bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. At high concentrations, BZK acts through membrane disruption, but at low concentrations we show that wide-spread protein aggregation is associated with BZK-induced cell death. Resistance to BZK is found to develop through ribosomal protein mutations that protect A. baumannii against BZK-induced protein aggregation. The multifunctional impact of BZK led us to discover that alternative QAC structures, with low human toxicity, retain potent action against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile and present opportunities for their development as antibiotics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Antimicrobial Action of Quaternary Amines against Acinetobacter baumannii

Knauf

Cunningham

Kazi

et al. 2018

mBio

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“…Quaternary ammonium compounds are considered effective bactericides when used at an appropriate concentration. They have some major advantages (Foster et al, 1955;Klimek et al, 1956) such as sanitizing' effectiveness where trace amounts of organic material are present. Another favorable feature of quaternary ammonium compounds is that they are considered noncorrosive to equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance of Bacteria for Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Soprey

Maxcy

1968

Journal of Food Science

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“…Both synthetic and natural hard waters have been studied in attempts to determine more precisely the characteristics of inactivating systems. In general, it appears that the interference is a result of many factors interrelated in a complex way (Armbruster and Ridenour, 1949;Seeley, 1951, Chambers et al, 1955;Klimek and Bailey, 1956;Meggison and Mueller, 1956). However, hardness caused by certain ions, particularly calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate, is believed to be of greater importance than total hardness (Armbruster and Ridenour, 1949;Mueller and Seeley, 1951;Chambers et al, 1955).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%