Factors Influencing the Phytotoxicity of Cafenstrole to Transplanted Rice Plants in Paddy Fields.

Behavior of pyriftalid in soil and its phytotoxic activity on Echinochloa oryzoides seedlings emerging from various soil depths

“…It also was suggested that the phytotoxic activity of pyriftalid on barnyard grass in the soil is dependent on its concentration in the soil water in the herbicidetreated layer when the absorptive parts of the plant can reach this layer, although the timing of emergence was dominated by the emerging depth in the soil (Mester & Buhler 1990). It is important to emphasize that, regardless of the emerging depth in the soil, the susceptibility of barnyard grass to pyriftalid, applied to the soil surface under water-leakage conditions, was induced principally by absorption through its absorptive parts in the soil water in the herbicide-treated layer, as similarly observed for cafenstrole (Takahashi et al 2000;Kanzaki et al 2001) and thenylchlor (Kobayashi et al 2004). Therefore, it was suggested that the concentration of pyriftalid in the soil water in the topmost layer could maintain an adequate level in order to induce residual phytotoxic activity to the lateemerged weeds.…”

“…It is important to emphasize that, regardless of the emerging depth in the soil, the susceptibility of barnyard grass to pyriftalid, applied to the soil surface under water‐leakage conditions, was induced principally by absorption through its absorptive parts in the soil water in the herbicide‐treated layer, as similarly observed for cafenstrole (Takahashi et al . 2000; Kanzaki et al . 2001) and thenylchlor (Kobayashi et al .…”

Herbicide‐resistant weeds in the Philippines: Status and resistance mechanisms

“…Examples of the herbicides that were introduced after the 1990s for grass control include thenylchlor, cafenstrole, flufenacet, fluthiamide, fentrazamide, indanofan, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, pyributicarb, oxadiargyl, pentoxazone, clethodim, butroxydim, pyriminobac, pyribenzoxim, etobenzamid and cumyluron. New herbicides that were introduced for grass control in the 2000s include pyriftalid, clefoxydim, metamifop, oxaziclomefone, flucetosulfuron and propyrisulfuron (Takahashi et al 2000;Tomlin 2000;Kanzaki et al 2001;Morita 2003;Kobayashi et al 2004;Murano et al 2007;Kobayashi & Tsunekawa 2010;Ikeda et al 2011;Krämer et al 2012;Lainsbury 2013). New herbicides with new modes of action are inhibitors of the enzymes that are involved in pigment synthesis and include protoporphyrinogen oxidase, deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, phytoene desaturase and the inhibitors of cellulose biosynthesis (Krämer et al 2012).…”

Role of underground parts of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) in its sensitivity to thenylchlor in soil

“…The emergence of this weed from various soil depths is mostly dependent on elongation of the mesocotyl with coronal roots, regardless of the depth at which the seed is located in the soil (Dawson 1963). The growth of barnyardgrass is greatly inhibited by cafenstrole [1‐(diethylcarbamoyl)‐3‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl‐sulfonyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole] when the seeds are placed in and below soil mixed with the herbicide, but only slightly inhibited when placed above the mixed soil layers (Kanzaki et al . 1994, 2001).…”

“…ited by cafenstrole [1-(diethylcarbamoyl)-3-(2,4,6trimethylphenyl-sulfonyl)-1,2,4-triazole] when the seeds are placed in and below soil mixed with the herbicide, but only slightly inhibited when placed above the mixed soil layers (Kanzaki et al . 1994(Kanzaki et al . , 2001.…”