Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Illness During Naturally Acquired Poliomyelitis Virus Infections1

Evans, C. A.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.24.4.341-352.1960

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…The MEF-1 strain used as routine in these experiments has an LDs0 titer of 10 "-4"s for mice when inoculated directly into the brain and a corresponding titer of 10 -x.2 when given by the intravenous route; moreover, 10 times the volume of diluted virus was injected by the latter method. This tremendous 16 3 19 * Immediately after virus inoculation animals were gassed with the specified mixtures for 5 minutes. differential between infectivity by the intracerebral and by the intravenous routes was not found for the Peruvian strains (Table VIII).…”

Section: Controls (Virus Only)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Admittedly, observations on only two strains of virus are not sufficient to define viral characteristics or markers which may be correlated with virulence. These observations are reported in detail because information concerning characteristics related to virulence of poliovirus is limited (16) and because opportunities to study Type II virus from an outbreak in a tropical area, have been rare. It may be of interest to add that with repeated passage in cell culture, the S-8 strain has almost completely lost its virulence for mice, while the S-17 strain has remained essentially unchanged.…”

Section: Controls (Virus Only)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on the Interrelationship Between the Blood-Brain Barrier and Entry of Viruses Into the Central Nervous System

Sellers

Lavender

1962

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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In 1885 Ehrlich (1) discovered that when coerulein-s, an acidic dye, was injected subcutaneously into experimental animals, various organs were stained but the brain was left entirely uncolored. In 1913 Goldman (2) performed a series of now classical experiments which established the concept of the blood-brain barrier. After injecting trypan blue intravenously, he found that vital staining occurred in all the tissues except the brain, which remained uncolored except for the choriod plexus.In all probability, most substances penetrate the central nervous system to some degree. In addition, the blood-brain barrier is not uniform throughout the brain since well defined areas such as the hypophysis, infundibulum, area postrema, and others are readily stained by trypan blue from the circulation. However, the fact remains that many substances, i.e. electrolyte, colloid, vital dye, protein, etc., penetrate the central nervous system parenchyma with great difficulty, whereas the exchange of these substances between vessels and tissues in the rest of the body occurs much more freely. The blood-brain barrier is, in effect, a rate phenomenon and not a true barrier (3). Accumulative evidence indicates that it is a composite mechanism regulating the uptake of materials by the CNS; biochemical and physiological as well as anatomical factors all contribute to its function (eft reference 4).The role of the blood-brain barrier in the humoral spread of neurotropic viruses, and in particular poliovirus, to the CNS has long been a matter for speculation. In infected individuals, only rarely does poliovirus reach the CNS where it produces the paralysis that characterizes overt disease. The portal of entry is the oropharynx and lower intestinal tract; from these initial and/or *

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Section: Controls (Virus Only)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controls (Virus Only)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Interrelationship Between the Blood-Brain Barrier and Entry of Viruses Into the Central Nervous System

Sellers

Lavender

1962

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…Except, however, for this shift in the immediate equilibrium between host and parasite, the incident probably does not represent the emergence of a parasite with markedly altered properties. Evans (1960) indicated that naturally occurring differences in the virulence of poliomyelitis virus have not been correlated consistently with high or low "epidemiologic virulence." Owen et al (1961) failed to find alterations in virulence in two naturally occurring epizooties of tularemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hutt's (1958) presentation of the history of an epidemic disease of "the oysters of Malpeque Bay" supports the view that a population may initially be highly susceptible to parasitic attack but may develop, during several generations, essentially complete genetic resistance to the pathological effects of the parasite. On the other hand, Evans (1960) provides a sound precautionary attitude toward regarding the "virginity" of previously unexposed populations as the controlling reason for the extensive pathology that often follows the initial introduction of a disease. His analysis of the experience of the Fijians with measles, in 1875 and subsequently, contradicts the generality that severe fatal disease episodes select host population elements that are genetically resistant to specific disease entities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-Parasite Relationships with Brucella neotomae

Gibby

1965

J Bacteriol

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, N.Y.), AND ANNA M. GIBBY. Host-parasite relationships with Brucella neotomae. J. Bacteriol. 89:9-16. 1965.-An investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether a vigorous parasitic state could be evolved by transfer procedures in the host-parasite system, Brucella neotomae versus the white mouse. Visible disease was not maintained and initial high doses were abruptly decreased if the parasite was serially transferred through host animals without the use of an adjuvant. Of several adjuvants tested, 5% mucin was the most effective in enhancing Brucella infections in the white mouse, and with this adjuvant a vigorous lethal disease was maintained in serial transfer. In one transfer series, bacterial colonies of a form different from B. neotomae were obtained. Substrains of the altered bacterial form were agglutinated by Brucella antiserum and exhibited other properties consistent with the genus, Brucella. Cultures and selected clones of this organism in low doses caused rapidly lethal disease in the white mouse in the absence of mucin. Also, the disease could be maintained in serial transfer as an acute lethal process without mucin. It is concluded that the host-parasite interaction was drastically altered with the emergence of a highly virulent parasite in an infectious state that had previously been relatively benign. Various related aspects of parasitism are discussed.

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“…In immune individuals, IgA antibodies against polio virus are present in tonsils and gastrointestinal tracts and are able to block virus replication; IgG and IgM antibodies against polio virus can prevent the spread of virus to motor neurones of the central nervous system (CNS) [13]. Factors that increase the risk of polio virus infection or affect the severity of the disease include immune deficiency [17], malnutrition, tonsillectomy [18], physical activity immediately following onset of paralysis [19], skeletal muscle injury due to injection of vaccines or therapeutic agents and pregnancy [20] (Evans, 1960). Although the virus can cross the placenta during pregnancy, the foetus does not appear to be affected by either maternal infection or polio vaccination.…”

Section: Moringa Various Parts Have Been Utilizedmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Moringa oleifera Extracts against Polio virus

Adamu

Iliyasu

Yakubu

et al. 2020

JPRI

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Background: Moringa oleifera plant parts extract have been utilized tremendously in traditional medicine, having various pharmaceutical activities such as antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. Aim: This study was carried out to evaluate antiviral activity of aqueous extract of Moringa leaves, seeds and flowers against Polio virus isolates (Vaccine Strains P1&P3), MDG-17-04852; MDG-17-04881. Study Design: This is a baseline study carried out to determine the efficacy of Moringa oleifera in the treatment of poliomyelitis. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Maiduguri and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi from September 2018 to October, 2019. Methods: Phytochemical substances was extracted and screened from the Moringa using standard laboratory techniques. Continuous cell line L20B cells was used to isolate polio virus. Polio virus stock was prepared and titration was carried out to determine TCID50 by Kerber’s formula, L-d(S - 0.5). Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated using the end-point cytopathic effect assay. Antiviral assay and Polio virus Intratypic Differentiation (ITD) was performed using Real-Time PCR. Results: The results revealed present of Tannins in leaves and flowers, Alkaloids and Saponins in all the extracts, Glycosides and Steroids in leaves and Flavonoids in flowers only. Cytotoxicity of the extracts shows 50% effects in 100mg and 50mg concentrations, while 33.3% and 16.7% was observed in 25mg and 12.5mg (P>.05). The titration of the tissue culture infective dose 50% (TCID50) shows that Polio virus type 1and 3 had a titre value of 106.5 and 106.25 respectively. The ITD results observed presence of Sl1 and Sl3 from the extracts. Conclusion: This study found that the Moringa extracts did not neutralized the Polio virus strains studied, as the phytochemicals show no antiviral activity. Therefore further study is needed in this area to ascertain its antiviral potentials against poliomyelitis.

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Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Illness During Naturally Acquired Poliomyelitis Virus Infections1

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Studies on the Interrelationship Between the Blood-Brain Barrier and Entry of Viruses Into the Central Nervous System

Studies on the Interrelationship Between the Blood-Brain Barrier and Entry of Viruses Into the Central Nervous System

Host-Parasite Relationships with Brucella neotomae

In-vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Moringa oleifera Extracts against Polio virus

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