Factors Influencing the Emissions of Nitrated-Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons(Nitro-PAH) from Diesel Engines

Schuetzle, Dennis; Perez, Joseph Manuel Sr

doi:10.1080/00022470.1983.10465636

Cited by 58 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In contrast with particle-bound PAHs, 1-NP decreased with increased load, which has similarly been reported by Schuetzle and Perez (1983). While many nitro-PAHs are formed following emissions in the atmosphere, the majority of 1-NP (>80 %) is formed in the exhaust stream (Scheepers and Bos 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions

Fox

Cox

Drury

et al. 2014

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2×2×2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions

Fox

Cox

Drury

et al. 2014

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…Similar emissions rates were reported for current technology diesel vehicles in the previous study (13). Since the sampling time was short (30 min) it is likely that 1-nitropyrene is the combustion product and not the artifact produced during sampling on the filter (16). The lube oil and fuel samples were not analyzed for this compound; however it would be rather unlikely to find it there.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Characterization and Profiles of Crankcase and Diesel Particulate Matter Exhaust Emissions Using Speciated Organics

Zielińska

Campbell

Lawson

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A monitoring campaign was conducted in August-September 2005 to compare different experimental approaches quantifying school bus self-pollution. As part of this monitoring campaign, a detailed characterization of PM2.5 diesel engine emissions from the tailpipe and crankcase emissions from the road draft tubes was performed. To distinguish between tailpipe and crankcase vent emissions, a deuterated alkane, n-hexatriacontane-d74 (n-C36D74) was added to the engine oil to serve as intentional quantitative tracers for lubricating oil PM emissions. This paper focuses on the detailed chemical speciation of crankcase and tailpipe PM emissions from two school buses used in this study. We found that organic carbon emission rates were generally higher from the crankcase than from the tailpipe for these two school buses, while elemental carbon contributed significantly only in the tailpipe emissions. The n-C36D74 that was added to the engine oil was emitted at higher rates from the crankcase than the tailpipe. Tracers of engine oil (hopanes, and steranes) were present in much higher proportion in crankcase emissions. Particle-associated PAH emission rates were generally very low (< 1 μg/km), but more PAH species were present in crankcase than in tailpipe emissions. The speciation of samples collected in the bus cabins was consistent with most of the bus self-pollution originating from crankcase emissions.

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“…While the species contributing to the strong direct-acting mutagenicity in our samples have yet to be identified, we do not believe that significant artifact formation of nitro-PAH would be present in this system. Arey et al (1988) reported negligible artifact formation of nitro-fluoranthene and nitro-pyrene during 7-10 h of ambient air sampling during high NO x episodes, while Schuetzle and Perez (1983) reported 10-20% of 1-nitropyrene formed as artifact during sampling of diesel exhaust using a dilution tunnel with dilution ratios of 10-15, temperature of 441C; NO 2 concentration of 3 ppm and sampling time of 23 min: The dilution sampler used here mimics ambient sampling closely with a measured average dilution ratio of 40-60, and temperatures of 28-301C; and a sampling duration of 19-30 min; similar to conditions in the previous studies where significant nitro-PAH were not formed. However, this hypothesis needs to be verified through measurements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative mutagenicity assessment of aerosols in emissions from biofuel combustion

Mukherji¹,

Swain²,

Venkataraman³

2002

Atmospheric Environment

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Factors Influencing the Emissions of Nitrated-Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons(Nitro-PAH) from Diesel Engines

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions

Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions

Detailed Characterization and Profiles of Crankcase and Diesel Particulate Matter Exhaust Emissions Using Speciated Organics

Comparative mutagenicity assessment of aerosols in emissions from biofuel combustion

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