Factors Influencing the Accumulation of Free Asparagine in Wheat Grain and the Acrylamide Formation in Bread

Abstract

Asparagine is one of the precursors of acrylamide that can form during bread production. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of genotype, environment, sulfur fertilization, and the interaction of those factors on the asparagine content, technological value of wheat, and acrylamide level in bread. The research material consisted of five wheat cultivars grown in two locations in Poland with nitrogen fertilization of 110 kg ha−1 and sulfur fertilization of 30 kg ha−1. The standard ISO method for analyzing the milling and baking properties of wheat was used. The UHPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing the amino acids and the GC/MS method for acrylamide in bread were implemented. The analysis of variance results indicated that the location influenced the total variance in the measured asparagine content and quality of wheat the most, followed by the cultivar and then by the interaction between the environment and cultivar. Sulfur fertilization had no significant effect on the asparagine content, but slightly lowered the gluten quality and loaf volume of bread. However, sulfur fertilization in connection with the cultivar characterized by low starch damage had a positive effect on lowering the acrylamide in bread. Asparagine content in wheat and acrylamide in bread varies mostly depending on cultivar and environment.

Carbon Footprint of Flour Production in Poland

“…However, milling is only the first stage of processing, and wheat is the raw material. Therefore, in order to consider the CF of bread production, it is necessary to take into account all stages up to secondary processing (the baking process) [8]. Calculating the CF of products is a complex process that requires a very detailed approach.…”