“…UGT has been applied to understanding problematic internet use (e.g., Kim & Haridakis, 2009;Song et al, 2004), and more recently to problematic smartphone use (Dhir et al, 2015;Park, Kim, Shon, & Shim, 2013) by examining individual differences accounting for problematic use. Applying UGT within the context of problem smartphone use, individuals' problem smartphone behaviors may vary as a function of the particular types of smartphone uses they prefer (Park et al, 2013). Kardefelt-Winther's (2014) recently-developed Compensatory Internet Use Theory (CIUT) could be viewed as an extension of UGT, in explaining variables that drive such use.…”