Factors influencing silymarin content and composition in variegated thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>)

Martin, R. J.; Lauren, D. R.; Smith, Wendy A.; Jensen, Dwayne J.; Deo, B.; Douglas, J. A.

doi:10.1080/01140671.2006.9514413

Cited by 43 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Dyduch and Najda [6] found that brown seeds had a higher content of flavonolignans than beige and light brown seeds. The greatest content of silymarin in fully mature seeds confirmed also Martinelli et al [4], Carrier et al [5], Martin et al [7] and Elwekeel et al [8].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Experimental Paper. The effect of colour grading of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seeds on their quality for sowing

2017

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S u m m a r yIntroduction: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is a medicinal plant belonging to Asteraceae family. Extract from milk thistle achenes (termed in practice as seeds) contains sylimarin, which protects liver cells against inorganic and organic toxic compounds. Objective: The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of colour grading on the quality of milk thistle seeds. Methods: Seeds were graded manually by colour according to the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, issued in Great Britain. In three samples two fractions of seeds were separated: beige and brown, whereas seeds of the fourth sample were graded into three fractions: yellow, beige and brown. The 1000-seed weight and germination of graded and non-graded seeds were evaluated. Infestation of graded seeds with fungi was assessed. Results: Brown seeds had a higher 1000-seed weight than beige or yellow ones. Germination at the final count of beige seeds did not differ as compared to that of brown seeds or was even better. Milk thistle seeds were infested with numerous fungi, however Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium consortiale predominated. Conclusions: Less mature beige seeds can be used as sowing material because their germination at the final count did not differ as compared to that of fully

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Experimental Paper. The effect of colour grading of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seeds on their quality for sowing

2017

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“…Previous reported that silymarin content most often ranges from 1 to 3% of dry matter, but other reported that New Zealand and Europe different silymarin contents exceed 8% (Martin et al, 2006 Polyphenolic compounds are the main secondary metabolites that found in foods (Naczk and Shahidi, 2004;Shahidi and Ambigaipalan, 2015). Some of the biologically active properties and phenolic substances have been previously investigated in the consumed parts of Cnicus benedictus L. In the current study, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TPF), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Cnicus benedictus L. The inhibition of jack bean urease and bovine milk xanthine oxidase (XO) were also determined to evaluate the gastro-protective and antiinflammatory activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Properties of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phenolic Profiles of Şevketi Bostan (Cnicus benedictus L.) Cultivated in Aegean Region from Turkey

Can

Baltaş

Keskin

et al. 2017

Turkish JAF Sci.Tech.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenolic profiles and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and gastro-protective activities of Cnicus benedictus L., a type of milk thistle cultivated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was measured to determine antioxidant capacity. The anti-urease and anti-xanthine oxidase activities were used to determine the gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts, respectively. The TPC was 337.40 and 635.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g and TFC was 41.05 -119.12 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g in the root and leaf extracts, respectively. The root and leaf extracts of Cnicus benedictus L., were exhibited different inhibition values against both of the enzymes. The inhibition effect of the both enzymes were calculated as IC 50 (mg/mL) in terms of 50% inhibition of the enzymes. The xanthine oxidase activity of the leaf and root was 18.53 and 19.75 mg/mL and the urease activity were 2.29 mg/mL and 11.53 mg/mL, respectively. Fifteen phenolic compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Vanillic, silibinin B, ferulic acid and rutin were found major amount of the plant. In conclusion, the plant have high potential beneficial nutraceuticals and consumption of the together with its roots and leafs will be beneficial in terms of nutrition.

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“…Furthermore, a milk thistle genotype of Indian origin contained a high level of silychristin and dehydrosilybin, a low level of silybin and no silydianin (Adzet et al, 1993). The absence of silydianin is also reported in a New Zealand line (Martin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Milk Thistle Active Constituents-chemotypesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Hevia et al, (2007) observed that silymarin content in Chilean genotype was higher than German one. In addition, Martin et al (2006) reported that the New Zealand line had a significantly higher percentage of silychristin A and silybins A and B than the German cultivar.…”

Section: Tab 2 Milk Thistle Types and Flavonolignan Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle [<i>Silybum marianum</i> (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement

Alemardan

Karkanis

Salehi

2013

Not Bot Hort Agrobot Cluj

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Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] is an important medicinal-industrial plant. The medicinal compounds of milk thistle are derived from its seeds. The plant is commercially cultivated for the production of silymarin. Cultivation offers the opportunity to optimise achene yield and silymarin content. Furthermore, efforts should be made to develop new cultivars. The main objective of milk thistle breeding is to develop high yielding cultivars with elevated silymarin content. There are few developed cultivars of milk thistle (e.g. Argintiu, Budakalaszi, Szibilla, Khoreslo, Babak Castle, Mirel, Silma and Silyb). Different genotypes of milk thistle have variable amount of silymarin e.g. a 'Royston' genotype is rich in silymarin (6-10%). Further progress can be made by using the genetic diversity available in abundance in different genotypes. The main concern of the breeder should be to increase the yield and silymarin contents of the seeds. Asynchronous flowering and seed shedding are also major problems in milk thistle cultivation. At the time of harvest, the plants have flower heads at all stages of development resulting non-uniform maturation of seeds. Therefore, a breeding effort in milk thistle should be planned to obtain plants with simultaneous flowering and reduced crop losses. The developed cultivar Argintiu is characterised by simultaneous seed maturation in flower heads. The wild populations, as valuable gene pools, could be exploited for the improvement of milk thistle crop.

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Factors influencing silymarin content and composition in variegated thistle (Silybum marianum)

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Experimental Paper. The effect of colour grading of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seeds on their quality for sowing

Experimental Paper. The effect of colour grading of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seeds on their quality for sowing

Properties of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phenolic Profiles of Şevketi Bostan (Cnicus benedictus L.) Cultivated in Aegean Region from Turkey

Breeding Objectives and Selection Criteria for Milk Thistle [<i>Silybum marianum</i> (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement

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