Factors Influencing Serum Amyloid Type A (Saa) Concentrations in Horses

Abstract

The acute phase response (APR) is the reaction that occurs in animals in response to disturbances in hemostasis following tissue damage. In horses, the APR is manifested in a variety of pathological processes of various origins, such as infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, arthritis, burns, chemicals, trauma surgery and stress. Acute phase proteins (APPs) are considered those proteins that modify its plasma concentration at least 25% in inflammatory and infectious processes. In adult horses, various respiratory inflammatory processes, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs and musculoskeletal system are accompanied by increased levels of a specific APP, so-called serum amyloid type A (SAA). SAA is the most important major APP in the horse. This paper provides a review of physiological factors affecting SAA levels and their role in horses in defense of natural mechanisms, the pathways involved and their material components.

Does routine exercise induce stress and in consequence serum amyloid A (SAA) response in purebred Arabian racehorses?

“…In general, in general, the intensity of effort during the race is much higher than that used in daily training sessions (Desmecht et al 1996). Moreover, an APR develops in horses within several hours after exposure to acute or continuous stressors and reach peak values only after 36-48 hours (Casella et al 2012, Satué et al 2013. However, we did not observe statistically significant changes in the SAA level during all the respective steps of the experiment.…”

“…Moreover, strenuous exercise causes the release of pro-inflammatory agents such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and certain proteins synthesized in the so-called acute phase response (APR) into the bloodstream (Cywińska 2012). The APR is thought to be a part of the early defense or innate immune system, which is triggered towards tissue injury, infection, inflammation, surgical trauma, or stress (Murata et al 2004, Petersen et al 2004, Eckersall and Bell 2010, Satué et al 2013, Balikci et al 2013. This non-specific, complex, and highly orchestrated inflammatory response is designed to reestablish homeostasis, promoting healing and repair processes (Crisman et al 2008, Cray et al 2009.…”

“…In the horse, several proteins, including serum amyloid-A (SAA), fibrinogen, and haptoglobin, have acute phase properties (Cray et al 2009, Casella et al 2012. Among those, only SAA in equine practice is considered as the major APP, mainly because its level increases rapidly, even up to 1000 times during the APR, while the others will increase modestly up to 10 times of resting values (Jacobsen and Andersen 2007, Belgrave et al 2013, Satué et al 2013. A causal relationship between stress and APR has been confirmed, although the mechanism of APP response due to exercise-induced stress is yet to be clarified (Cray et al 2009, Valle et al 2015.…”

Survey of Serum Amyloid A and Bacterial and Viral Frequency Using qPCR Levels in Recently Captured Feral Donkeys from Death Valley National Park (California)

“…As little is known about the overall health of feral donkeys and the prevalence of pathogens, specifically in the category of infectious equine viruses and bacteria in their populations [4]; it is critical to conduct field health assessments of donkeys to predict early potential diseases before relocation. In this regard, Serum Amyloid A (SAA), is an acute-phase apolipoprotein, synthesized by the liver as a response to inflammation derived from infection or injury [5][6][7]. A new SAA test kit provides rapid on-site SAA blood concentrations (StableLab, Sligo, Ireland), which may be of help when assessing the health condition of feral donkeys or in field conditions.…”

Serum amyloid A protein (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and selected hematological and biochemical parameters in wild mares before and after parturition

“…Acute phase response (APR) is the reaction induced in the animals in the response to tissue lesion (Jacobsen andAndersen 2007, Coutinho da Silva et al 2013). In horses, APR is observed in several pathologic processes including bacterial, viral and parasite infections, arthritis, burns, surgical interventions, early embryonic death or stress (Jacobsen and Andersen 2007, Krakowski et al 2011, Coutinho da Silva et al 2013, Satue et al 2013. The major APPs in horses include SAA (serum amyloid A) and haptoglobin (Hp).…”