Spirituality and religiousness have long been associated with physical and mental health. The scientific treatment of religiosity as a multi-dimensional phenomenon is well established, especially in relation to chemical dependence treatment. Indeed, over 100 instruments are available for measuring various dimensions of religiosity. The more recent emergence of spirituality as an accepted construct in research has seen the development of a growing number of instruments to measure aspects of spirituality. The authors selected ten spirituality scales for review and discussion, and provided information relating to the scales' development, psychometrics, format, scoring, and availability. The scales are then conceptualized in terms of their aggregate and overlapping usefulness for research and practice, and suggestions are made concerning the salient dimensions of spirituality measured by each scale. The scales are presented as defining an increased sense of internalized spirituality that contributes to positive psychological and emotional outcomes underpinning recovery from chemical dependence.
Spiritual and Religious Factors in Health InterventionIn medicine, psychology, and social work, empirical and theoretical traditions have a long history of associating spiritual well-being and/or robust religiousness with mental and physical health (Hill and Pargament 2003). There is a strong tendency among those in the helping professions to believe that a patient's spirituality/religiousness influences the course of medical and psychological interventions, recuperation from chronic illness, and mortality (Feher and Maley 1999;Kirkpatrick and McCullough 1999;Rose 1999;McCullough et al. 2000). In the literature on chemical dependence, spirituality and religiousness have been Int