“…However, targeted therapies for mccRCC have brought both new hope and new challenges, considerably expanding the number of treatment options for this indication. Because we have come to question the clinical and economic impact of systematically/routinely using these targeted therapies for patients with mccRCC, we decided to assess their effectiveness and cost-of-illness [28]. Thus, all patients with mccRCC treated over an eight-year period in three main oncology treatment centers of our Franche-Comté region were included in this retrospective study.…”