Factors Influencing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission by Blood Transfusion

Busch, Michael P.; Operskalski, Eva A.; Mosley, James W.; Lee, T.-H.; Henrard, Denis; Herman, Steven A.; Sachs, David; Harris, Monica J.; Huang, Wei; Stram, Daniel O.

doi:10.1093/infdis/174.1.26

Cited by 83 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The observation of HIV transmission by donations with very low plasma vRNA levels suggests that plasma virions in the pre-ramp-up stage of HIV infection may be particularly infectious, especially compared to set-point-stage plasma virions, for which larger inocula, as measured by viral RNA copy numbers, appear to be required for transmission by blood transfusion (6,37). Understanding the relative infectiousness of plasma virions at different stages of HIV infection/ exposure would provide more confidence in assessing the safety of blood donations but would also yield significant insights into potentially critical biological differences between transmitted viruses and the viral variants that develop during chronic infection.…”

Section: Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Zhong

Stone

Piatak

et al. 2009

J Virol

116

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To define the ratio of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA molecules to infectious virions in plasma, a ramp-up-stage plasma pool was made from the earliest viral RNA (vRNA)-positive plasma samples (collected approximately 7 days after inoculation) from seven macaques, and a set-point-stage plasma pool was made from plasma samples collected 10 to 16 weeks after peak viremia from seven macaques; vRNA levels in these plasma pools were determined, and serial 10-fold dilutions containing 1 to 1,500 vRNA copies/ml were made. Intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of a 1-ml aliquot of diluted ramp-up-stage plasma containing 20 vRNA copies infected 2 of 2 rhesus macaques, while for the set-point-stage plasma, i.v. inoculation with 1,500 vRNA copies was needed to transmit infection. Further, when the heat-inactivated set-point-stage plasma pool was mixed with ramp-up-stage virions, infection of inoculated macaques was blocked. Notably, 2 of 2 animals inoculated with 85 ml of a pre-ramp-up plasma pool containing <3 SIV RNA copies/ml developed SIV infections characterized by high levels of viral replication, demonstrating that "vRNA-negative" plasma collected from macaques in the pre-ramp-up stage is infectious. Furthermore, there is a high ratio of infectious virions to total virions in ramp-up-stage plasma (between 1:1 and 1:10) and a lower ratio in set-point-stage plasma (between 1:75 and 1:750). Heat-inactivated chronic-stage plasma can "neutralize" the highly infectious ramp-up-stage virions. These findings have implications for the understanding of the natural history of SIV and human immunodeficiency virus infection and transmission.

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Section: Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Zhong

Stone

Piatak

et al. 2009

J Virol

116

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“…However, more than one-third of the world's infections are estimated to occur with HIV-1 subtype C and its prevalence is increasing. 3 Plasma HIV-1 RNA has been a consistent predictor of "contagion" for percutaneous 4,5 and perinatal transmission. [6][7][8][9][10] This relationship holds true for perinatal transmission in non-B subtype areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virologic and Immunologic Determinants of Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Africa

Fideli

Allen

Musonda

et al. 2001

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

332

281

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More than 80% of the world's HIV-infected adults live in sub-Saharan Africa, where heterosexual transmission is the predominant mode of spread. The virologic and immunologic correlates of femaleto-male (FTM) and male-to-female (MTF) transmission are not well understood. A total of 1022 heterosexual couples with discordant HIV-1 serology results (one partner HIV infected, the other HIV uninfected) were enrolled in a prospective study in Lusaka, Zambia and monitored at 3-month intervals. A nested case-control design was used to compare 109 transmitters and 208 nontransmitting controls with respect to plasma HIV-1 RNA (viral load, VL), virus isolation, and CD4 + cell levels. Median plasma VL was significantly higher in transmitters than nontransmitters (123,507 vs. 51,310 copies/ml, p < 0.001). In stratified multivariate Cox regression analyses, the risk ratio (RR) for FTM transmission was 7.6 (95% CI: 2.3, 25.5) for VL ≥ 100,000 copies/ ml and 4.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 14.1) for VL between 10,000 and 100,000 copies/ml compared with the reference group of <10,000 copies/ ml. Corresponding RRs for MTF transmission were 2.1 and 1.2, respectively, with 95% CI both bounding 1. Only 3 of 41 (7%) female transmitters had VL < 10,000 copies/ml compared with 32 of 93 (34%) of female nontransmitters (p < 0.001). The transmission rate within couples was 7.7/100 person-years and did not differ from FTM (61/862 person-years) and MTF (81/978 person-years) transmission. We conclude that the association between increasing plasma viral load was strong for female to male transmission, but was only weakly predictive of male to female transmission in Zambian heterosexual couples. FTM and MTF transmission rates were similar. These data suggest gender-specific differences in the biology of heterosexual transmission.Address reprint requests to: Grace M. Aldrovandi,

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“…[9,10] The level of viremia in a blood donor at the time of the donation is the primary factor influencing the probability of the infection. [11] A similar relationship between viral load and HIV transmission has been proposed for perinatal and [12] needlestick exposures. [13,14] Interestingly however, HIV-1 transmission is considered to be clonal in the large majority of the cases, since 76% start from a single transmitted HIV strains and in 24% of the cases, transmission is seeded by two to five HIV strains.…”

Section: Nucleic Acid Testing and Diagnosis Of Primary Hiv Infection mentioning

confidence: 70%

Nucleic Acid Testing for HIV-1 Diagnosis and Monitoring

Diaz¹

2012

HIV Testing

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Factors Influencing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission by Blood Transfusion

Cited by 83 publications

References 39 publications

High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

High Specific Infectivity of Plasma Virus from the Pre-Ramp-Up and Ramp-Up Stages of Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Virologic and Immunologic Determinants of Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Africa

Nucleic Acid Testing for HIV-1 Diagnosis and Monitoring

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