Factors influencing fission–fusion grouping in chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire

Anderson, Dean P.; Nordheim, Erik V.; Boesch, Christophe; Moermond, Timothy C.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606397.010

Cited by 145 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…Instead, they exhibit a pattern of fission and fusion [18] in which members associate in temporary subgroups (parties), whose composition may last from minutes to days, and individuals can spend some time alone [7,19,20]. Party size is strongly influenced by the distribution and abundance of food, with larger parties forming during seasons or periods of high fruit abundance, or when fruit patches are aggregated [7,[21][22][23][24][25][26]. Other influences include the presence of sexually receptive females, which increases the number of adult males and sometimes females in parties [7,[25][26][27], and predation risk from leopards [28].…”

Section: Chimpanzee Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female competition in chimpanzees

Pusey

Schroepfer-Walker

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Female chimpanzees exhibit exceptionally slow rates of reproduction and raise their offspring without direct paternal care. Therefore, their reproductive success depends critically on long-term access to high-quality food resources over a long lifespan. Chimpanzee communities contain multiple adult males, multiple adult females and their offspring. Because males are philopatric and jointly defend the community range while most females transfer to new communities before breeding, adult females are typically surrounded by unrelated competitors. Communities are fission-fusion societies in which individuals spend time alone or in fluid subgroups, whose size depends mostly on the abundance and distribution of food. To varying extents in different populations, females avoid direct competition by foraging alone or in small groups in distinct, but overlapping core areas within the community range to which they show high fidelity. Although rates of aggression are low, females compete for space and access to food. High rank correlates with high reproductive success, and high-ranking females win direct contests for food and gain preferential access to resource-rich sites. Females are aggressive to immigrant females and even kill the newborn infants of community members. The intensity of such aggression correlates with population density. These patterns are compared to those in other species, including humans.

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Section: Chimpanzee Social Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female competition in chimpanzees

Pusey

Schroepfer-Walker

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…We measured food availability monthly via 7 phenological transects of 4 km each (666 individual trees and 44 food species) in the focal community's territory (Anderson et al 2002;Boesch et al 2006). We collected the following information for each transect: presence or absence of fruits, color of fruits, presence or absence of ripe fruits, location of fruits (in tress or on the ground), presence or absence of food remains, and an estimate of number of fruit per cubic meter in the canopy.…”

Section: Phenological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We expressed the quantity of fruits available as the biomass abundance index (BA; Savini et al 2008), which is a combination of the food availability index (FAI; Anderson et al 2002) and the biomass per cubic meter of canopy (b). FAI is obtained from density (D), basal area of the trunk (B), and the proportion (P) of plants with available fruits during our visit.…”

Section: Food Availability and Fruit Seasonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily Energy Balance and Protein Gain Among Pan troglodytes verus in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

2009

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Energy balance and protein gain contribute significantly to an animal's survival. Although data are available for certain species in captive settings, there is little information on these factors for primates living in their natural environments. In this preliminary study, we combined detailed behavioral, phonological, and chemical data for a well habituated chimpanzee community from the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, with estimates of energy gain and expenditure from captive chimpanzees and humans to investigate how energy balance and protein gain across age-sex categories are affected by seasonal variations in food availability and how chimpanzees correspondingly alter their feeding and daily journey length (DJL). Comparisons between fruiting seasons characterized by varying quantities and qualities of available food revealed that food quality had the largest effect on individual energy balance and protein gain. Within given fruit seasons, energy balance and protein gain did not vary among age-sex categories. However, there was, variation across seasons among adult males and young of both sexes, but not among adult females. Our study revealed important effects of periods of food scarcity to which chimpanzees reacted by reducing their DJL and increasing their feeding time.

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“…T ool use among modern wild ape populations, first reported in the early 19th century (1), has been documented throughout tropical Africa, and chimpanzees from West Africa are known for their use of stone tools for nut cracking (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). In 2002, the publication of recent buried remains of unintentionally fractured stone left behind by modern chimpanzees from Côte d'Ivoire outlined the potential of using archaeological methods in cultural primatological research and also identified the type of material assemblage that would allow archaeologists to detect and characterize ancient chimpanzee nut-cracking behavior.…”

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confidence: 99%