Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization Defaulters in Sabah, Malaysia

Azhar, Shah Shamsul; Nirmal, Kirti; Safian, Nazarudin; Rohaizat, H; Noor, A Azimatun; Rozita, Hosseini Shamsabadi

doi:10.31436/imjm.v11i1.541

imjm

2012

DOI: 10.31436/imjm.v11i1.541

|View full text |Cite

Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization Defaulters in Sabah, Malaysia

Shah Shamsul Azhar

Kirti Nirmal²,

Nazarudin Safian

et al.

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of defaulters of immunization, and their associated risk factors among children age 12 to 24 months. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all government's maternal child health clinics in District of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Data was collected using a standardised questionnaire from July to November 2006. Results: The prevalence rate for defaulting immunization was 16.8% from the 315 respondents. Bivariable analysis… Show more

Help me understand this report

Search citation statements

Order By: Relevance

Paper Sections

Select...

Citation Types

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Year Published

2016

2022

Publication Types

Select...

Article4

Relationship

Self Cite0

Independent4

Authors

Journals

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

A¹,

Letebo²,

Mekonnen³

2016

BMC Public Health

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundReduction of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases in developing countries involves successfully implementing strategies that ensure high coverage and minimize drop-outs and missed opportunities. Achieving maximum coverage, however, has been a challenge due to many reasons, including high rates of defaulters from the program. The objective of this study was to explore the reasons behind defaulting from the immunization program.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted in two districts of Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia between November 2014 and April 2015. A total of twenty-six in-depth interviews were held with mothers of defaulted children aged 6-11months old and key informants from the communities, health centers, and health offices. Observations and review of relevant documents were also conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.ResultsIn this study, the main reason for defaulting from the immunization was inadequate counseling of mothers that led to a lack of information about vaccination schedules and service arrangements, including in unusual circumstances such as after missed appointment, loss of vaccination card and when the health workers failed to make home visits. Provider-client relationships are poor with mothers reporting fear of mistreatment and lack of cooperation from service providers. Contrary to what health workers and managers believe, mothers were knowledgeable about the benefits of vaccination. The high workload on mothers compounded by the lack of support from male partners was also found to contribute to the problem. Health system factors that contributed to the problem were poorly arranged and coordinated immunization services, vaccine and supplies stock outs, and lack of viable defaulter tracking systems in the health facilities.ConclusionsThe main reasons for defaulting from the immunization program are poor counseling of mothers, unsupportive provider-client relationships, poor immunization service arrangements, and lack of systems for tracking defaulters. Efforts to reduce defaulter rates from the immunization program need to focus on improving counseling of mothers and strengthening the health systems, especially with regards to service arrangements and tracking of defaulters.

show abstract

Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

A¹,

Letebo²,

Mekonnen³

2016

BMC Public Health

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Determinants of immunisation of children under 2 years of age in Rural Barak Valley: An explorative study

Roy,

Sarma,

Roy

et al. 2022

IJMPO

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 1978, India launched the "Expanded Programme on Immunisation" (EPI) to minimise the prevalence of "Vaccine-Preventable Diseases" (VPDs). Despite years of health and medical progress, children in India continue to suffer from VPDs, and significant disparities in immunisation coverage may be seen among regions, states, socioeconomic groups, and other factors. Barak Valley's socioeconomic and environmental characteristics reveal an overall underdevelopment pattern. Furthermore, in the valley, healthcare services such as comprehensive immunisation institutional delivery are underutilised, resulting in poor immunisation coverage. Despite this evidence, there have been limited studies to identify the factors that influence child immunisation. In this context, this article is a modest attempt to identify and quantify the inequality in socio-economic factors in explaining inequality in Child immunisation in rural Barak Valley. A multistage stratified random sampling was used to collect information on immunisation and related variables by using a pre-tested questionnaire from the universe of children aged between 12-23 months of rural Barak Valley. And, binary logistic regression model has been used to analyse the data and draw inferences. The immunisation coverage is the Barak Valley region is very poor. The highest immunisation coverage has been observed for the BCG vaccine, around 90%. And with 64% coverage, vaccination against measles stands at the bottom of the list. The extent of full immunisation in the valley is not satisfactory at all. Around 54% of children aged 12-23 months have received all the WHO recommended vaccines, implying half of the eligible children are left out. The study identifies religion, a strong cultural affiliation that significantly influences the immunisation coverage of the child. Furthermore, the gender of the child, unequal access to ante-natal care, and birth order of the child are the prime factors associated with inequality in child immunisation in the region.

show abstract

Primary Immunization among Children in Malaysia: Reasons for Incomplete Vaccination

Ahmad¹,

Jahis²,

Kuay³

et al. 2017

J Vaccines Vaccin

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Incomplete primary immunization against vaccine preventable diseases is a significant public health problem. This study aimed to identify population at-risk for incomplete immunization and their associated factors. Methods: Data on immunization module from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2016 was analysed. This survey was conducted as a nationwide community based survey using stratified random sampling design. Immunization history of children aged 12 to 23 months from the randomly selected addresses were taken from their mothers by face-to-face interview using mobile device. The information was verified with vaccination cards. Results: Out of 11,388 eligible respondents, 10,140 responded to the survey; 89.0% response rate. The prevalence of incomplete immunization was 4.5%, while non-immunised was 0.1%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children at-risk of incomplete immunization or being non-immunised were girls, residing in urban areas, have mothers who do not believe that vaccine can prevent spread of disease and mothers who had pregnancy care at private healthcare facilities. Among reasons given for incomplete or non-uptake of immunization were due to either private healthcare facilities reasons; vaccine stock shortage or not due for immunization yet, or personal reasons; 'no time', forgotten', 'refused vaccine', and 'doubt halal status'. Conclusion: Children with incomplete immunization in Malaysia were more likely to come from urban areas and received care at private healthcare facilities. A standard schedule for all healthcare facilities and single registry may be suitable strategies to be implemented, in order to ensure high vaccination coverage in Malaysia.

show abstract

scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.

Contact Info

hi@scite.ai

10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614

Henderson, NV 89052, USA

Blog Terms and Conditions API Terms Privacy Policy Contact Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

Made with 💙 for researchers

Part of the Research Solutions Family.

Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization Defaulters in Sabah, Malaysia

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia

Determinants of immunisation of children under 2 years of age in Rural Barak Valley: An explorative study

Primary Immunization among Children in Malaysia: Reasons for Incomplete Vaccination

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About