Factors Impeding Replacement of Ion Exchange with (Electro)Catalytic Treatment for Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water

Werth, Charles J.; Yan, Chenxu; Troutman, Jacob

doi:10.1021/acsestengg.0c00076

Cited by 45 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Pd-based catalysts with various formulations have been shown to continually lose activity over repeated cycles of catalytic nitrate or nitrite reduction, even though no major changes in physical characterizations were observed. 53,75,76 Heating the electrodes at moderate temperature in H 2 flow might help restore the activity. 51,75 Previous long-term studies in catalytic process also indicated the activity would eventually reach a steady state.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Reactor Design for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction with Minimal Mass Transfer Limitations

et al. 2020

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A parallel-plate thin-layer (PPTL) flow reactor with potential control and custom-made cathode of Pd−In modified activated carbon cloth was developed for electrocatalytic removal of nitrite from water; the effect of applied potential and flow rate were investigated. Compared to other reactors in the literature, rapid nitrite reduction (first-order rate constant is 0.38 L g Pd −1 min −1 ), high current efficiency (CE, 51%), and low ammonium selectivity (5.4%) were observed at an applied potential of −0.60 V vs the Ag/ AgCl reference electrode (RE) and a flow rate of 40 mL min −1 in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.5. Slightly faster kinetics were observed at more negative potentials (0.57 L g Pd −1 min −1 at −1.0 V/RE), but then ammonium production (88%), H 2 gas evolution (E 0 = −0.61 V/RE), and current loss (CE < 10%) became problematic. Nitrite reduction was measured in the PPTL flow reactor for almost 50 2 h cycles over six months, with little apparent loss (30%) in activity. A reactive transport model was developed and used to simulate the kinetic data. The fitted intrinsic rate constant (k w ) was 5.2 × 10 −6 m s −1 , and ratios of dimensionless Nusselt numbers to reaction rate constant values support the reactor being more reaction than mass transfer limited. Application of the parametrized model demonstrated how the PPTL reactor could be scaled (e.g., cathode dimensions, flow channel thickness), operated (i.e., flow rate), or modified (i.e., greater intrinsic catalyst activity) to most efficiently remove nitrite from larger flow streams.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Reactor Design for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction with Minimal Mass Transfer Limitations

et al. 2020

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“…Researchers have mainly focused on understanding the mechanism of the anode while information on the reverse processes like the flow of e − from electrodes to microorganisms was insubstantial. In 2004, cathodic DET flow was reported for the reduction of various forms of nitrogen (nitrate NO 3 − to nitrite NO 2 − ) from the cathode and assured at about −0.34 V vs. SHE, it further enriched the substances along with microbial species [18,46,49]. Several Desulfovibrio sp.…”

Section: Transmission Of Electrons At the Cathodementioning

confidence: 99%

Valorisation of CO2 into Value-Added Products via Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) and Electro-Fermentation Technology

et al. 2021

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Microbial electrocatalysis reckons on microbes as catalysts for reactions occurring at electrodes. Microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells are well-known in this context; both prefer the oxidation of organic and inorganic matter for producing electricity. Notably, the synthesis of high energy-density chemicals (fuels) or their precursors by microorganisms using bio-cathode to yield electrical energy is called Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES), giving an exceptionally appealing novel way for producing beneficial products from electricity and wastewater. This review accentuates the concept, importance and opportunities of MES, as an emerging discipline at the nexus of microbiology and electrochemistry. Production of organic compounds from MES is considered as an effective technique for the generation of various beneficial reduced end-products (like acetate and butyrate) as well as in reducing the load of CO2 from the atmosphere to mitigate the harmful effect of greenhouse gases in global warming. Although MES is still an emerging technology, this method is not thoroughly known. The authors have focused on MES, as it is the next transformative, viable alternative technology to decrease the repercussions of surplus carbon dioxide in the environment along with conserving energy.

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“…The catalytic method has been advanced to the point of using two different metals in the process to optimize NO 3 − reduction, with a catalytic metal (Cu, Pd, Pt, Ti) applied on a supporting metal such as Titanium (TiO 2 ) that aids and promotes the catalytic reduction, however, this seldom affords the reduction of NO 3 − to N 2 [101,102]. For treatment of large volumes of industrial wastewater, this method is very expensive to maintain and apply as a continuous remediation system [103]. Most chemical remediation approaches produce byproducts that require special disposal methods due to their potential to cause secondary contamination.…”

Section: Chemical Nitrate Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…− that are time-consuming to dispose, hence becoming an environmental burden and causing secondary contamination [103].…”

Section: Physical Nitrate Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate Water Contamination from Industrial Activities and Complete Denitrification as a Remediation Option

Moloantoa

Khetsha

Heerden

et al. 2022

Water

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Freshwater is a scarce resource that continues to be at high risk of pollution from anthropogenic activities, requiring remediation in such cases for its continuous use. The agricultural and mining industries extensively use water and nitrogen (N)-dependent products, mainly in fertilizers and explosives, respectively, with their excess accumulating in different water bodies. Although removal of NO3 from water and soil through the application of chemical, physical, and biological methods has been studied globally, these methods seldom yield N2 gas as a desired byproduct for nitrogen cycling. These methods predominantly cause secondary contamination with deposits of chemical waste such as slurry brine, nitrite (NO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are also harmful and fastidious to remove. This review focuses on complete denitrification facilitated by bacteria as a remedial option aimed at producing nitrogen gas as a terminal byproduct. Synergistic interaction of different nitrogen metabolisms from different bacteria is highlighted, with detailed attention to the optimization of their enzymatic activities. A biotechnological approach to mitigating industrial NO3 contamination using indigenous bacteria from wastewater is proposed, holding the prospect of optimizing to the point of complete denitrification. The approach was reviewed and found to be durable, sustainable, cost effective, and environmentally friendly, as opposed to current chemical and physical water remediation technologies.

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Factors Impeding Replacement of Ion Exchange with (Electro)Catalytic Treatment for Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water

Cited by 45 publications

References 126 publications

Scalable Reactor Design for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction with Minimal Mass Transfer Limitations

Scalable Reactor Design for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction with Minimal Mass Transfer Limitations

Valorisation of CO2 into Value-Added Products via Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) and Electro-Fermentation Technology

Nitrate Water Contamination from Industrial Activities and Complete Denitrification as a Remediation Option

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