“…Although an official definition is lacking, CDS can be understood as the sharing and amalgamation of data across various sectors (e.g., transport, energy, healthcare) to foster collaboration, enhance decision-making, and address smart city challenges (Lim & Maglio, 2018;Mukherjee, Gupta, et al, 2022;Van Der Hoogen et al, 2019). However, limited insight exists regarding the factors that promote collaboration among stakeholders in achieving CDS (Clement, Manjon, & Crutzen, 2022). Stakeholder involvement is pivotal in CDS initiatives, necessitating a stakeholder classification model to delineate their functions within data sharing (Van Der Hoogen et al, 2019).…”