Factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution with the impact of reduced exploitation

Liu, Fei; Zou, Jiawen; Liu, Jingran; Zhang, Jingkun; Zhen, Pinna

doi:10.1016/j.catena.2022.106261

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the average ratio of confined water Cl − /(Cl − +HCO 3 − ) is about 0.08, which is significantly lower than the average ratio of lake water at about 0.19. This is attributed to the ion exchange and absorption in the groundwater of lakes in cold and arid regions, which indicates that the water-rock interaction is the main controlling factor of the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater bodies [41].…”

Section: Transformation Mechanism Of Groundwater Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Relationship between Hulun Lake and Cretaceous Confined Aquifer Using Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Data

Gao,

Li,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Groundwater is one of the key sources of water recharge in Hulun Lake. In order to trace the location of the confined aquifer of the deep groundwater that recharges the lake, hydrogeochemical characteristic analysis and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope sampling and analysis were performed on the lake water, phreatic water and multi-layer cretaceous confined water in the same region of the Hulun Lake basin. The hydraulic relationships between the lake and various aquifers were then revealed through the use of hydrogen radioisotopes. The results show that the lake water, phreatic water and confined water are of the HCO3−Na type, and the content of stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) and radioisotopes (δ3H) is in the order of “confined water < phreatic water < lake water”. The main influencing factor of hydrochemical evolution in the phreatic water is the dissolution of feldspar; its age is about 26.66 years, and its renewal rate is nearly 3.75%. The main influencing factor of hydrochemical evolution in the K1y1, K1y2 and K1d1 Cretaceous confined water is evaporite dissolution (i.e., halite, gypsum); their renewal rate is less than 1%, and the discharge condition deteriorates with the increase in the aquifer roof burial depth. Phreatic water in the Jalainur Depression Zone supplies Hulun Lake under the condition of the existence of permafrost cover. The K1d2 confined water of the Lower Cretaceous–Damoguaihe Formation Coal Group II, with the deepest roof burial depth (441 m), shows significant differences in hydrochemistry, δD, δ18O and δ3H from the other K1y1, K1y2 and K1d1 Cretaceous confined waters in the same basin. The renewal rate (nearly 4.32%) of the K1d2 confined water is better than that of the phreatic water, and its hydrochemical characteristics are similar to those of the lake water and phreatic water, indicating that the Cuogang Fault and Xishan Fault, caused by crustal faults, resulted in the hydraulic relationship between the K1d2 confined water, lake water and phreatic water, resulting in drastic interannual changes in the lake water level. This study of lake–groundwater interactions in cold and arid regions can provide a theoretical basis for lakes’ sustainable development.

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Section: Transformation Mechanism Of Groundwater Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic Relationship between Hulun Lake and Cretaceous Confined Aquifer Using Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Data

Gao,

Li,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…The groundwater in the Lake Hulun basin is not directly supplied by precipitation, so the groundwater is affected relatively little by precipitation; instead, its ion composition is mainly affected by strong rock dissolution and filtration, and its hydrochemical evolution is mainly controlled by water-rock interactions [43]. As shown in Figure 5, the ratios of major ions can be used to determine the factors influencing various water bodies' chemical evolution [44].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Ion Transformation In Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water 2024, 16, 1756 8 of 13 evolution is mainly controlled by water-rock interactions [43]. As shown in Figure 5, the ratios of major ions can be used to determine the factors influencing various water bodies' chemical evolution [44].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Ion Transformation In Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Vertical Recharge Mechanism of Groundwater Using Ion Characteristics and Water Quality Indexes in Lake Hulun

Gao,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Water

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The water level of Lake Hulun has changed dramatically in recent years. The interannual interaction between groundwater and lake water is an important factor affecting Lake Hulun’s water level. Vertical recharge between groundwater and the lake is particularly important. Based on an analysis of differences between the hydrogeochemical and water quality characteristics of the spring water, the lake water, and the surrounding groundwater, the source and recharge mechanism of the spring water in the vertical recharge lake are determined. The results show that spring water is exposed at the bottom of Lake Hulun, and there are obvious differences between spring water and lake water in lake ice thickness, ion characteristics, and water quality characteristics. For example, the ice thickness at the spring site is only 6.8% of the average ice thickness of the lake, and there is a triangular area directly above the spring water area that is not covered by ice; the ion contents of the spring water at the lake bottom were less than 50% of those in the lake water; and the NH4+-N content of the spring water at the lake bottom was only 3.0% of the mean content of the lake water. In addition, the total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and NH4+-N contents of the spring water at the lake bottom all fall outside the range of contents of the surrounding groundwater. In general, the source of the spring water at the lake bottom is not recharged by the infiltration recharge of the phreatic aquifer but by the vertical recharge of the confined aquifer. Additionally, the Lake Hulun basin may be supplied with confined water through basalt channels while it is frozen. The vertical groundwater recharge mechanism may be that spring water at the lake bottom is first supplied by the deep, confined aquifer flowing through the fault zone to the loose-sediment phreatic aquifer under the lake, and finally interacts with the lake water through the phreatic aquifer.

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“…During the PSU, ISU, and ASU, the Ca 2+ concentrations are 103 mg/L, 114 mg/L, and 128 mg/L, respectively, all exceeding the WHO water quality standard [26]. This may be related to the lithology of the strata in the study area and long-term over-extraction [27]. In addition, the concentrations of TH (485 mg/L) and NO 3 − (65.1 mg/L) in the ASU also exceed the WHO water quality standard.…”

Section: Ion Characteristics Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Urbanization Has Changed the Driving Factors of Groundwater Chemical Evolution in the Large Groundwater Depression Funnel Area of Northern China

Wang

Zhang

Wang

2023

Water

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With the rapid development of urbanization, the chemical evolution of groundwater has been significantly affected by human activities. However, the driving mechanisms of groundwater chemical evolution at different stages of urbanization are still unclear, which severely affects the implementation of groundwater protection. This study investigated the driving mechanisms of groundwater chemical evolution based on the long-term series (from 1985 to 2015) of hydrochemical data from 19 groundwater monitoring sites in rapidly urbanizing areas (Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China). The results show that the concentrations of various chemical components in groundwater gradually increase with the acceleration of the urbanization process, especially NO3−, which has increased from 13.7 mg/L in the primary stage of urbanization (PSU) to 65.1 mg/Lin the advanced stage of urbanization (ASU), exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard (50 mg/L), indicating that the groundwater chemistry has been significantly affected by human activities. The main hydrochemical types have changed from the HCO3•SO4-Ca•Mg-type water in the primary stage of urbanization (PSU) to the SO4•HCO3-Ca•Mg-type water in the advanced stage of urbanization (ASU). It is worth noting that there are obvious differences in driving factors of groundwater chemical evolution at different urbanization stages. In the primary stage of urbanization (PSU), the driving factors were carbonate and rock salt dissolution, cation exchange, and industrial activities. However, in the intermediate stage and advanced stage, the driving factors were changed to carbonate and gypsum dissolution, groundwater over-exploitation, agricultural fertilization, and domestic sewage. Based on the above conclusions, it is suggested that future groundwater management should control the amount of agricultural fertilizers, apply scientific fertilization, and prohibit the discharge of various types of non-compliant sewage, while strengthening the supervision of groundwater extraction to reduce the impact of urbanization development on the groundwater chemical evolution process.

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Factors controlling groundwater chemical evolution with the impact of reduced exploitation

Cited by 22 publications

References 45 publications

Hydraulic Relationship between Hulun Lake and Cretaceous Confined Aquifer Using Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Data

Hydraulic Relationship between Hulun Lake and Cretaceous Confined Aquifer Using Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Data

Analyzing the Vertical Recharge Mechanism of Groundwater Using Ion Characteristics and Water Quality Indexes in Lake Hulun

Rapid Urbanization Has Changed the Driving Factors of Groundwater Chemical Evolution in the Large Groundwater Depression Funnel Area of Northern China

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