Factors Contributing to Deer–Vehicle Crashes on Rural Two-Lane Roadways in Michigan

Abstract

Deer–vehicle crashes (DVCs) continue to be a problem in the United States, with 1.2 million such crashes occurring annually. DVCs are a particular issue on two-lane rural highways in Michigan, accounting for more than 60% of crashes. Such a high proportion of DVCs limits the transferability of existing safety models, including those found in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), that are often based on data from states with considerably lower proportions of deer crashes. To counter this, a cross-sectional analysis of deer crashes was performed using data from Michigan. The data were analyzed across four categories of rural two-lane roadways, including: state highways, federal aid county roadways, non-federal aid county roadways, and unpaved (gravel) county roadways. Mixed effects negative binomial regression models utilizing spatial and temporal random effects were generated separately for each of the rural two-lane roadway types. Results showed speed-related factors, including lane width, shoulder width, horizontal curvature, and peak level of service, had a significant effect on DVC occurrence for most types of rural two-lane roadways in Michigan. Wider lanes were associated with a greater occurrence of deer crashes, perhaps because of higher prevailing travel speeds. Conversely, horizontal curves with design speeds lower than the statutory speed limit were associated with fewer deer crashes, perhaps because of lower travel speeds through curves. Wider shoulders, which afford greater separation between the travel lanes and the roadside, were found to have significantly lower deer crash occurrence. The number of available hunting licenses did not have a consistent effect on DVCs.

Safety Performance of Rural Offset-T Intersections

“…A large proportion of the property damage crashes involved collision with an animal, the most common of which were deer. As roadway and traffic-related attributes typically show poor association with deer crashes ( 15 ), any crashes coded primarily as animal type were excluded from further analysis. The distribution of crashes by severity level (excluding animal crash) is shown in Table 1.…”

Applying Data Mining Methods to Explore Animal-Vehicle Crashes

“…Farming on both sides of the road, a mixture of farming and roadside vegetation, and roadside vegetation each positively affect AVCs, whereas speed limits and horizontal curves negatively affect them. Stapleton et al performed a cross-sectional analysis of deer-vehicle crashes (DVC) on two-lane rural highways using data from Michigan and mixed effects negative binomial regression models ( 12 ). DVC occurrence was significantly affected by speed-related factors such as lane width, shoulder width, horizontal curvature, and peak level of service.…”

Safety Performance of Rural Curved Corner Intersections with Regional Effects

“…There have been several studies that develop SPFs and CMFs for a variety of unique and specific situations, although none were found for the case of curved corner intersections in particular. Several recent studies have explored horizontal curve CMFs for rural two-lane two-way highways (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). These include measures of the radius of curve or the proportion of the segment length that is curved.…”