Factors conditioning the accumulation and disappearance of metaphosphate in cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Sall, Theodore; Mudd, Stuart; Davis, John C.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(56)90405-2

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An alternative suggestion is that P M P may be regarded simply as a source of phosphate. This conception fits with the finding of many laboratories that polymetaphosphates accumulate when cells are given ample phosphate and energy supplies but growth retarded either by nitrogen or other starvation (Winder & Denneny, 1954;Sall, Mudd & Davis, 1956). Metaphosphate rapidly disappears from cells once normal growth is started after a period of starvation and the phosphate from PMP appears rapidly in most phosphate fractions of the cell (Mudd et al 1958; Winder & Denneny, 1957).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Purification and Properties of a Polymetaphosphatase from Corynebacterium xerosis

Muhammed

Rodgers

Hughes

1959

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY : An enzyme which splits high molecular weight polymetaphosphate (PMP) to orthophosphate has been extracted from Corynebacterium xerosis, partially purified and some of its properties studied. A method for the preparation of bacterial P M P labelled with 32P is described. The enzyme hydrolyses bacterial or synthetic P M P at the same rate. No formation of short-chain phosphate polymers was detected during the reaction and the enzyme did not attack metaphosphates smaller than hexametaphosphate. It does not transfer phosphate from P M P to ADP to form ATP, nor does it synthesize PMP from orthophosphate (Pi) in the presence of ATP or other nucleotides. All the metal ions tested, including Mg++, inhibited the enzyme. Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA ; 0.2 mM) stimulated the rate of reaction ; higher concentrations inhibited. The significance of polymetaphosphate and enzymes which split it in micro-organisms is briefly discussed.Enzymes which split polymetaphosphate (PMP) to orthophosphate (Pi) occur in extracts of a variety of micro-organisms including bacteria, yeasts and moulds (Mann, 1944; Kitasato, 1928). Most of the earlier observations were, however, made with polymetaphosphatases which split metaphosphates of low molecular weight, e.g. trimetaphosphate, tetrametaphosphate and hexametaphosphate. More recently Malmgren (1952) studied the breakdown of very high molecular weight P M P preparations by extracts from Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum and some other organisms. By measuring the decrease in viscosity and the amount of orthophosphate formation for 2 days at pH 5.3 he concluded that low molecular weight compounds such as tetrametaphosphate and pentametaphosphate were the major end-products. More recently, Kornberg, Kornberg & Simms (1956) prepared an enzyme from Escherichia coli which could synthesize P M P from adenosine triphosphate (ATP); an unidentified primer was also necessary to initiate the reaction. Kornberg (1957) showed that this enzyme also catalysed the reverse reaction, i.e. synthesis of ATP from P M P and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). A similar enzyme has also been slightly purified from Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Kornberg, 1957). The aim of the present investigation was to purify the polymetaphosphatase (PMP-ase) from C. xerosis and to study some of its properties ; a relatively simple assay system has been devised. We were also interested in finding out whether this enzyme catalyses the transfer of orthophosphate (Pi) from P M P to a suitable substrate such as ADP, besides breaking P M P to Pi, and whether P M P could directly phosphorylate other compounds, such as glucose, without the intermediation of the ADP-ATP system.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Purification and Properties of a Polymetaphosphatase from Corynebacterium xerosis

Muhammed

Rodgers

Hughes

1959

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They claimecl that for NIP accumulation, not only phosphate ancl an energy source are required, but also potassiuin and magnesium. Similarly, Sall et al (41) reported that potassium enhanced the accum~~lation of RIIP in C. cliphtlzeriae. Schinidt, Hecht, and Tl~annl~ausei- (43) louild that the uptalce of ortho-P by balters' yeast was always accoinpanied by the absorption of cations in amounts sufficient to neutralize the ortho-P and M P which accumulated in the cells.…”

Section: Pl~ospho~z~s-containing Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 84%

The Metabolism of Gibberella Fujikuroi in Stirred Culture

Borrow¹,

Jefferys²,

Kessell³

et al. 1961

Can. J. Microbiol.

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The growth of Gibberella fujikzlroi in stirred culture was studied. Media were designed in which the initial concentrations of glucose (G), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (M) were varied so that the first nutrient was exhausted a t a selected dry weight, and the remaining nutrients in all available sequences thereafter. Distinct phases of growth, related to the changing nutritional status of the mold, have been defined.The balanced phase was a period of proliferation in the presence of all nutrients, during which a unit increase in dry mycelium was accompanied by constant uptakes of G, N, P, M, and potassium (I<). The morphology remained virtually unchanged, and the d r y mycelium contained ca. 6 % fat, ca. 16% carbohydrate, and ca. 13% phosphorus-containing compounds, and the fractions of each remained constant. This phase continued until the first nutrient was exhausted. I'roliferation, indicated by increases in fat-and carbohydrate-free dry weight, then ceased in N-and G-limited fermentations. I n P-and M-limited fermentations, proliferation continued until the subsequent exhaustion of either G o r N, and during this transition phase the carbohydrate content of the mycelium increased, while in M-limited fermentations the fat content also increased. I n P-limited fermentations the uptake of both M and I< ceased, and reserves of metaphosphate were used.At the exhaustion of N in N-, P-, or M-limited fermentations, proliferation ceased but the dry weight continued to increase due t o increases in carbohydrate and triglyceride. In the presence of sufficient glucose, maximum amounts of 45% fat, visible as oil globules, and 32y0 carbohydrate were formed, but in the presence of less G these ceased t o increase when G was exhausted before these maxima were reached. In either case the nzaintenance phase followed, during which all mycelial components remained constant except the triglycerides, which decreased when exhaustion of G had initiated the maintenance phase; otherwise they also remained constant until G was subsequently exhausted, and then decreased. T h e terntinal phase began when the triglycerides were exhausted, and also when G was exhausted in G-limited fermentations, or in P-and M-limited fermentations in which G was exhausted before N. This phase was characterized by hyphal breakdown, a decrease in dry weight, and the liberation of mycelial components into the medium. 'Manuscript Can. J. Microbiol. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by NC STATE UNIVERSITY on 09/21/13For personal use only. 80-1. FermenterThis was of conventional design, made of stainless steel, 20 in. diameter and 29 in. deep (Fig. 4). T h e two-paddle stirrer was driven a t 425 r.p.m. T h e supply of cooling water was automatically regulated to provide temperature control t o &0.15O C. Air was humidified and sterilized by passage through larger models of the apparatus already described. 2Model 0307, series WA, product of Hoover Ltd., Regent Street, London, W.1. Can. J. Microbiol. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com ...

show abstract

“…The ®rst is the BG, which contains large amounts of P (48%) and Ca (26%). T. gondii contained such granules, as do other eukaryote cells, including yeast (Sall et al 1956), protozoans (Rosenberg 1966;Dvorak et al 1988;Zierold and SchaÈ fer 1988;LeFurgey et al 1990;Schlatterer et al 1994;Scott et al 1997), and many invertebrates (Lowenstam 1972;Howard et al 1981). The diameter of these BGs (150 51 nm) is similar to those in Dictyostelium discoideum (200 nm) and T. cruzi (200 90 nm), and less than those in Tetrahymena pyriformis (200±2000 nm).…”

Section: T Gondiimentioning

confidence: 87%

Tachyzoite calcium changes during cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii

Bouchot

Zierold

Bonhomme

et al. 1999

Parasitology Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The invasion of host cells by the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is calcium dependent. We have identified two calcium storage areas in tachyzoites, the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles that contain high concentrations of calcium as amorphous calcium phosphate precipitates. Our data indicate that these vesicles slowly lose their calcium during the intracellular development of the tachyzoite as their nucleus phosphorus content increases. We found fluctuations in the sulfur content of the tachyzoite during invasion following the exocytosis of protein from the secretory organelles, with a loss of sodium and chlorine, and the uptake of potassium from the host cell cytoplasm. We demonstrated that penetration of the tachyzoite into the host cell was accompanied by increases in the concentrations of phosphorus and sulfur in the host cell nucleus, probably due to increased transcription. The cytosol sodium concentrations decreased, while the potassium content increased. Thus, the subcellular element distribution of tachyzoites and host cells changes during invasion and intracellular growth of the parasites. In addition, our results indicate that tachyzoite calcium might be involved in the egress of the parasite from the host cell.

show abstract

Factors conditioning the accumulation and disappearance of metaphosphate in cells of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Cited by 34 publications

References 16 publications

Purification and Properties of a Polymetaphosphatase from Corynebacterium xerosis

Purification and Properties of a Polymetaphosphatase from Corynebacterium xerosis

The Metabolism of Gibberella Fujikuroi in Stirred Culture

Tachyzoite calcium changes during cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About