Factors causing peak energy consumption of reefers at container terminals

Duin, Ron van; Geerlings, Harry; Tavasszy, Lóránt; Bank, Daan

doi:10.1186/s41072-019-0040-y

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…As the most critical intermediate node, the reefer operational fault refers to situations caused by failures in the reefer container handling processes, individual staff errors, or inconsistencies in the enterprise's system. An essential part of protecting the cold chain is to ensure that reefer containers are plugged into a reliable power supply, and power outage periods must be kept to a minimum (van Duin et al, 2019). Power supply interruptions inevitably occur during the container loading and unloading periods to the truck, port area, and ship.…”

Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuzzy Bayesian network analysis of the factors causing food losses in reefer containers

Kaptan

Bayazit

2023

J Food Process Engineering

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It is crucial to ensure food security to continue the sustainable nutrition of the world population. Food losses in the global food supply chain pose a significant risk to food security. Especially foods that require cold chain logistics are prone to deterioration and eventually food losses. Therefore, cold chain logistics processes require operational expertise and specialized equipment. Reefer (refrigerated) container is the most used cold chain transport equipment for perishable foods requiring atmospheric control. Analyzing operational and hardware-related causes and implementing relevant countermeasures are necessary to prevent food losses in reefer containers. With this motivation in the study, the relationships between the factors causing food losses in the reefer containers were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively via the model built using the Fuzzy Bayesian network method. The findings indicate that the most critical root causes of food losses in reefer containers are excessive time off-power, inappropriate preload conditions, and refrigerant faults, respectively. Moreover, the riskiest combination of factors that causes food loss consists of excessive time-off power, refrigerant faults, and adverse weather conditions during navigation and in port. When the existing legal framework and professional practices are examined, in light of the results of the study, the following will be recommended: Establishing minimum standard and maintenance arrangements for cooling systems, ensuring safety margin in the shelf life of the foods carried in the reefer containers, making mandatory the automatic temperature recordings systems, and increasing the number of personnel specialized in product types and transportation. The study results will benefit supply chain stakeholders for process planning and implementation to mitigate the risk of food losses in reefer containers. Practical applicationsThis study examines the factors causing food losses in reefer containers from loading to discharge. The findings indicate that the most critical root causes of food losses in reefer containers are excessive time off-power, inappropriate preload conditions, and refrigerant faults, respectively. When the existing legal framework and professional practices are examined, in light of the results of the study, the following will be

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Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuzzy Bayesian network analysis of the factors causing food losses in reefer containers

Kaptan

Bayazit

2023

J Food Process Engineering

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“…They concluded that the stacking effect of containers provides a thermal benefit to the power consumption of refrigerated containers located on the middle tier and bottom tier [32]. This effect was also noted in [28,37,56,57]. However, this approach was not verified in regard to perishable goods transport in refrigerated semi-trailers.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 93%

Influence of Parking Sheds on Energy Efficiency of Road Refrigerated Transport

Filina-Dawidowicz

Csiszár

2022

Energies

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The energy efficiency of road refrigerated transport is still a less researched area, despite a significant amount of energy being used for cooling perishable goods inside the refrigerated vehicle. The refrigeration units of these vehicles continuously operate while en route from the cargo sender to the recipient, even during the vehicle’s forced stopovers due to the driver’s working time limitations. This article aims to summarize the impact of the parking sheds used in rest and service areas on the energy consumption of the vehicle’s refrigeration unit. The achievable cost savings by decreasing the energy consumption of the semi-trailer’s refrigeration units are also presented. We establish a mathematical model to calculate the heat balance and verify our approach. The calculation results, which were carried out under certain operating conditions of the refrigeration unit of a semi-trailer, provide an opportunity to achieve savings on a scale of 12.03%. Lastly, ideal locations of rest and service areas with sheds along the motorways and expressways in Poland are also proposed.

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“…On top of the port infrastructure, there is a service layer that utilizes physical assets and communication channels for performing essential maritime operations (DNV GL, 2015). Smart ports are enormous implementations of software, hardware, and communications channels (Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard, 2020).…”

Section: Research Environment For the Risks Assessment Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Cyber Security risks: A Smart Terminal Process

Pöyhönen

2023

eccws

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In Finland, the connections to global maritime transportation logistics systems are an essential part of the national critical infrastructure. As a part of maritime logistics systems, the port's operations are important elements for global maritime traffic and the transportation supply chain. Digitalization of seaport services makes it possible to increase the efficiency of terminal systems in the logistic processes. At the same time, port logistic processes can notably reduce its CO2 emissions by optimizing port operations. The improvement of port processes relies very much on the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Industrial Control Systems (ICS) or Operation Technologies (OT) systems. In port environment there are parts that are controlled (ICS/OT) from the cyber environment but directly interact with the physical surroundings. These are called Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). In this environment, the cyber security aspects of the port logistic need to be addressed. In Finland, the Port SMARTER research program has been on the way since 2021. The aim of the program is to create port services within new technology solutions, and that way improve cargo and people flows while improving the experience for all stakeholders. However, this development increase also complicated system dimensions in the use of ports and makes port operations complex systems of systems environment characterized by a conglomeration of interconnected networks and dependencies. This paper describes a practical approach to risk assessment work regarding the SMARTER research case. It provides a comprehensive cyber security investigation approach to port operations at the system level. In risk assessment work, the paper emphasizes the importation of description of probabilities to defend the system element against estimated probabilities of cyber-attacks at all parts of port processes. The findings of the study are related to the comprehensive cyber security architecture of the SMARTER research goals. The following research interests are related to the issue: "How a comprehensive cyber security investigation can be conducted in smart ports operations?” This paper emphasizes cyber security risks assessment work should be covered from services for operation, information flows in and between systems, as well as electricity supplies to achieve holistic risks assessment in the smart terminal process.

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Factors causing peak energy consumption of reefers at container terminals

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Fuzzy Bayesian network analysis of the factors causing food losses in reefer containers

Fuzzy Bayesian network analysis of the factors causing food losses in reefer containers

Influence of Parking Sheds on Energy Efficiency of Road Refrigerated Transport

Assessment of Cyber Security risks: A Smart Terminal Process

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