Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Saredakis, Dimitrios; Szpak, Ancrêt; Birckhead, Brandon; Keage, Hannah A.D.; Rizzo, Albert; Loetscher, Tobias

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00096

Cited by 404 publications

(345 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…For example, the task that participants were asked to complete did not involve physical locomotion. Many users report of negative side effects relating to HMDs the context of virtual locomotion (see e.g., Saredakis et al, 2020).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Virtual Reality Alone Does Not Promote Training Performance (but Sense of Presence Does)

2020

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Virtual reality (VR) offers novel ways to develop skills and learning. This technology can be used to enhance the way we educate and train professionals by possibly being more effective, cost-efficient, and reducing training-related risks. However, the potential benefits from virtual training assume that the trained skills can be transferred to the real world. Nevertheless, in the current published scientific literature, there is limited empirical evidence that links VR use to better learning. The present investigation aimed to explore the use of VR as a tool for training procedural skills and compare this modality with traditional instruction methods. To investigate skill development using the two forms of training, participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received training through an instructional video, while the second group trained in VR. After the training session, the participants performed the trained task in a real setting, and task performance was measured. Subsequently, the user's experienced sense of presence and simulator sickness (SS) was measured with self-report questionnaires. There were no significant differences between groups for any of the performance measures. There was no gender effect on performance. Importantly, the results of the present study indicate that a high sense of presence during the VR simulation might contribute to increased skill learning. These findings can be used as a starting point that could be of value when further exploring VR as a tool for skill development.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Virtual Reality Alone Does Not Promote Training Performance (but Sense of Presence Does)

2020

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“…), while low emotion (LE) environments did not contain elements that may have had a major effect on the users' emotions (e.g., cognitive tasks, walking scenario, etc.). The categorization of virtual environments used was inspired by the one used in by Saredakis et al (2020).…”

Section: Table Categorizations Of Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following abbreviations were used: MT, minimal/cognitive task; RE, realistic environment; LE, low emotion/arousal; HE, high emotion/arousal; 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional; M, males; F, females; VR, virtual reality; nr, nonreported (or impossible to evaluate); SS, simulator sickness; ne, not evaluated. meta-analysis on SS in HMD-mediated VR of Saredakis et al (2020). In their meta-analysis, Saredakis et al (2020) reported 28 for the total SSQ, as pooled mean among all the studies they analyzed.…”

Section: Table Categorizations Of Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Modern Head-Mounted Displays Sexist? A Systematic Review on Gender Differences in HMD-Mediated Virtual Reality

Grassini

Laumann

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Modern head-mounted displays (HMDs) are a promising technology. Thanks to their affordable cost and versatility, HMDs are gaining attention from different sectors. However, the experience reported by the users of these technologies is sometimes negative. A number of people, when using an HMD, complain of various types of physical discomfort as well as symptoms like headache, disorientation, and nausea. These symptoms, developed during or after exposure to virtual environments, are commonly referred to with the term simulator sickness. Some scientific studies have shown that women are commonly more sensitive to simulator sickness. However, a gender imbalance in the susceptibility to simulator sickness has not been widely studied in the context of modern HMDs, and the studies that have been done have reported heterogeneous findings. The present systematic review aims to gather the pieces of evidence that support and oppose a gender difference in the susceptibility of simulator sickness in the framework of modern HMDs. We also aim to individuate other gender differences in the experience of the use of these technologies to establish whether there is sufficient evidence to support a gender discrepancy in the user experience.

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“…Data from one of the users was discarded due to recording errors. Test subjects reported eight or fewer SSQ symptoms which is categorized as minimal symptoms, indicating the VR experience did not impact users' operation of the system (Kennedy et al, 2001;Saredakis et al, 2020). Further analysis of the SSQ was conducted and cut-off scores were defined based on the 75th percentile of the calibration sample, to represent the majority of users in the test sample, to detect whether users were adversely affected by exposure to the virtual reality scenario (Kennedy et al, 1993).…”

Section: Simulation Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…experiences/environments. Metrics for the effects that simulated stimuli have on test subjects have been developed and examined extensively (Kennedy et al, 1993(Kennedy et al, , 2001Saredakis et al, 2020) and should be applied in future studies involving similar technologies.…”

Section: Future Work With Virtual Reality and Biocybernetic Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychophysiological Model of Firearms Training in Police Officers: A Virtual Reality Experiment for Biocybernetic Adaptation

et al. 2020

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Crucial elements for police firearms training include mastering very specific psychophysiological responses associated with controlled breathing while shooting. Under high-stress situations, the shooter is affected by responses of the sympathetic nervous system that can impact respiration. This research focuses on how frontal oscillatory brainwaves and cardiovascular responses of trained police officers (N = 10) are affected during a virtual reality (VR) firearms training routine. We present data from an experimental study wherein shooters were interacting in a VR-based training simulator designed to elicit psychophysiological changes under easy, moderate and frustrating difficulties. Outcome measures in this experiment include electroencephalographic and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, as well as performance metrics from the VR simulator. Results revealed that specific frontal areas of the brain elicited different responses during resting states when compared with active shooting in the VR simulator. Moreover, sympathetic signatures were found in the HRV parameters (both time and frequency) reflecting similar differences. Based on the experimental findings, we propose a psychophysiological model to aid the design of a biocybernetic adaptation layer that creates real-time modulations in simulation difficulty based on targeted physiological responses.

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Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 404 publications

References 93 publications

The Use of Virtual Reality Alone Does Not Promote Training Performance (but Sense of Presence Does)

The Use of Virtual Reality Alone Does Not Promote Training Performance (but Sense of Presence Does)

Are Modern Head-Mounted Displays Sexist? A Systematic Review on Gender Differences in HMD-Mediated Virtual Reality

A Psychophysiological Model of Firearms Training in Police Officers: A Virtual Reality Experiment for Biocybernetic Adaptation

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