Factors Associated with the 30-Day and 1-Year Smoking Abstinence of Women in Korea: The Effect of Nicotine Dependency, Self-Efficacy, and Mental Illness

Abstract

Despite the success of tobacco control efforts in reducing smoking rates during the past 50 years, data on the factors contributing to quitting success are still lacking. Smoking-related mortality among women has also not declined. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize sociodemographic features, smoking-related behaviors, mental illness, and smoking cessation in woman smokers in Korea who were registered in the Quitline program. Furthermore, factors associated with 30-day and 1-year successful smoking cessation after enrollment in the Quitline program were investigated. A total of 3360 adult woman Quitline users from 2007 to 2018 were included in the final analysis, with information on their age, education level, marital status, body mass index, frequency of alcohol consumption per month, nicotine dependency, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, presence of a smoking cessation supporter, and mental health history collected upon registration with the Quitline program in Korea. Their cessation outcome was investigated with a 1-year follow-up until the end of 2019. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with smoking cessation at the 30-day and 1-year follow-ups. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that lower nicotine dependency, higher self-efficacy, and the presence of a smoking cessation supporter improved the odds of smoking cessation at the 30-day and 1-year follow-ups. In contrast, users with a mental health condition were less likely to achieve smoking cessation. Incorporating methods to increase self-efficacy in women who decide to quit smoking will contribute to facilitating more attempts to quit and achieving greater success in smoking cessation among woman smokers.

Predictors for quitting smoking in smoking cessation clinics among female smokers in China

“…The smokers' PPAR at follow-up at 1 month with low, moderate, and severe nicotine dependence was 33.67%, 32.32%, and 22.18%, respectively. For CAR at 3 months, those with moderate (AOR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.44-0.92) and severe (AOR=0.50; 95% CI: 0.34-0.72) nicotine dependence are more likely to fail than those who have a low nicotine dependence, in alignment with other studies 30,34 . This may be attributed to smokers with moderate to severe nicotine dependence being more likely to suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms and stronger tobacco cravings, hence the higher likelihood of relapse.…”

Development of a Risk Score to Predict Short-term Smoking Relapse Following an Inpatient Smoking Cessation Intervention

“…10 A recent study showed that low nicotine dependence improved the likelihood of quitting smoking at the 30-day and 1-year follow-up in 3360 women smokers using the Korean Quitline program. 24 Another study of 484 subjects showed that low nicotine dependence was associated with a high continuous abstinence rate. 14 A recent study found that a lower FTND score (0-3 points) for measuring nicotine dependence was related to smoking success in 1395 smokers at a smoking cessation program in 12 weeks based on a hospital.…”

“…Tobacco craving questionnaire (≤ 202, ≥ 203 points). 16 Self-efficacy scores for smoking cessation were divided into tertiles (low [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], middle [25][26][27][28][29][30], and high [31-45]). 17 The drug regimens included NRT, including nicotine patches, lozenges, gum, and prescription drugs (varenicline or bupropion).…”

“…The scores for each question were summed up and ranged from 1 to 10. 15 Stress was assessed using the 10-item Korean version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which ranged from 0 to 50 and was divided into low (≤ 23), moderate (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), and high (≥ 35). Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), which ranges from 0 to 60 points and is divided into three groups: normal (≤ 15), moderate (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), and severe (≥ 25).…”