“…Adult women who smoke during pregnancy are substantially more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past 12 months. This finding is consistent with previous research pointing to the interrelatedness of tobacco use and psychiatric disorders among pregnant women (Gilman, Breslau, Subramanian, Hitsman, & Koenen, 2008;Hei, Higgins, Mongeon, Badger, & Bernstein, 2006;McCormick, et al, 1990). Results also suggest that women who use alcohol during pregnancy are no more likely than pregnant abstainers to experience depression, another finding that is consistent with prior research on alcohol use and mental health during pregnancy (Harrison & Sidebottom, 2009).…”