Factors associated with smoking among tuberculosis patients in Spain

Abstract

BackgroundTo determine the prevalence of smoking and analyze associated factors in a cohort of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in Spain between 2006 and 2013.MethodsMulticenter, cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study using a national database of TB patients, using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI).ResultsWe analyzed 5,846 cases (62 % men, mean age 39 years, 33 % foreigners). 23.4 % were alcohol abuser, 1.3 % were injected drug users (IDU), 4.6 % were co-infected with HIV, and 7.5 % had a history of TB treatment. 6.6 % and 0.8 % showed resistance to one and multiple drugs, respectively. The predominant clinical presentation was pulmonary (71 %) with a cavitary radiological pattern in 32.8 % of cases. 82 % of cases were confirmed microbiologically, and 54 % were smear-positive microscopy.2,300 (39.3 %) patients were smokers. The following factors were associated with smoking: male sex (OR = 2.26;CI:1.97;2.60), Spanish origin (OR = 2.79;CI:2.40–3.24), alcoholism (OR = 2.85;CI:2.46;3.31), IDU (OR = 2.78;CI:1.48;5.52), homelessness (OR = 1.99;CI:1.14–3.57), pulmonary TB (OR = 1.61;CI:1.16;2.24), cavitary radiological pattern (OR = 1.99;CI:1.43;2.79) and a smear-positive microscopy at the time of diagnosis (OR = 1.39;CI:1.14;1.17).ConclusionsThe prevalence of smoking among TB patients is high. Smokers with TB have a distinct sociodemographic, clinical, radiological and microbiological profile to non-smokers.

Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Associated Factors: A Case-Case Study

“…The comparison with other studies on the same pathologies, PTB percent (70%) with respect to ETB (30%), is consistent with their results, 2,17 and with respect to PTB associated factors, similar results are found: smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption, contact with patients with TB, and social problems. 5,[18][19][20][21][22] Some of these factors, such as smoking tobacco, perform a direct action on the immune system, 23 or indirect action, such as social problems, and the mixture of different factors could decrease resistance and undermine defensive mechanisms of patients. 24 In addition, smoking tobacco is associated with the stress that lower social class suffers.…”

Particularités radiologiques de la tuberculose pulmonaire à microscopie positive au Service de Pneumologie du Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de FANN (CHNUF), Dakar (Sénégal)

“…Les rechutes tuberculeuses étaient plus fréquentes (26,1%) chez les fumeurs bien qu’étant non statistiquement significative. Ce résultat est concordant avec les résultats des autres études retrouvées dans la littérature [ 12 , 13 ]. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par l’immunodépression des lymphocytes pulmonaires, la diminution de l’activité phagocytaire, de la bactéricide des macrophages alvéolaires et de la libération des TNF-a, IL-1, - 6, - 8, et 12 induits par la fumée de tabac [ 13 - 15 ] qui pourraient favorisés la réactivation du bacille de Koch (BK) rester quiescent dans les macrophages alvéolaires et favoriser ainsi une rechute tuberculeuse.…”

The impact of smoking on clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

“…Among the general population, 4.7% were daily alcohol consumers, while the percentage was several times higher among our TB patients (31.7%). There were a significant number of smokers who were also alcohol consumers [18]. Among the affected women, there were fewer smokers and they rarely drank alcohol [19].…”

“…Important symptoms in the diagnosis of TB are the following: a cough present for at least two weeks, sputum, fever, night sweats, weight loss, asthenia, and hemoptysis [18]. A single symptom can be present, or there can be a combination of several TB-sensitive symptoms.…”

“…All the patients were divided into two groups -smokers and non-smokers. The subjects were considered smokers if they reported that they smoked one or more cigarettes per day during the year preceding the diagnosis of TB, or non-smokers if they consumed less than 100 cigarettes in their life [8,18]. Alcohol consumption was considered significant if male subjects consumed more than 280 g of alcohol per week, and female subjects over 168 g per week.…”