“…Studies on musculoskeletal disorders consistently showed increased risk for pain and work-related injuries in blue-collar women as compared with men ( Chin et al, 2012 , Carlsson and Karlsson, 1970 , Centre for Social Development et al, 2018 , Chenet et al, 1998 , Case and Paxson, 2005 , Catalano and Bruckner, 2006 , Chin et al, 2012 , Cantley et al, 2016 ). Similarly, blue-collar women exhibited inferior respiratory health compared with blue-collar men based on results from pulmonary function tests and airway responsiveness ( Choi et al, 2013 , Chin et al, 2013 , Cho and Lee, 2012 , Christensen et al, 2008 ). Comparisons of smoking frequency in male and female blue-collar workers, however, yielded inconsistent findings ( Cocco et al, 1999 , Cohidon et al, 2009 , Colt et al, 2011 , Cleland et al, 2011 , Clougherty et al, 2010 , Clougherty et al, 2011 , Cobankara et al, 2011 ).…”