Factors associated with diabetic foot among type 2 diabetes in Northern area of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study

Abstract

ObjectiveFoot complications are considered to be a devastating consequence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), posing a major medical and economic burden. A prospective study was conducted at researchers’ area “Northern area of Saudi Arabia” to determine the factors associated with diabetic foot (DF) among T2DM patients. Identifying the extent of this problem and the associated factors will enable the health providers to imply early preventive measurements.ResultsTwo hundred T2DM patients with/without DF (n = 100 for each group) were recruited. In total, the mean (SD) age of participants was 56 (± 12.2) years and nearly 70% of the patients were females. They showed a trend for higher frequency of impaired vibration perception, light touch pressure, proprioception and pain sensation than males in T2DM with DF. In univariate analysis, older age, long duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control reflected in high levels of HbA1c were significant factors associated with DF (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 2.3–7.4, P < 0.0001; OR = 6.5, 95% CI (4.9–9.3), P < 0.0001, and OR = 1.1, 95% CI (1.05–1.3), P = 0.002, respectively). Taken together, the current results could highlight the importance of epidemiological studies to raise the awareness of this important health care problem around the country.

Clinical, Pathological and Microbiological Evaluation of Diabetic Foot Syndrome

“…The risk factors identified for the presence of DFUs were very similar to those identified in previous literature data, such as older age, poor glucose control, a high prevalence of diabetic neuropathy and a high prevalence of peripheral artery disease [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Coronary artery disease (CAD) had a significantly higher prevalence in patients with foot ulcerations, a fact frequently reported in literature, due to an aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors.…”

“…Coronary artery disease (CAD) had a significantly higher prevalence in patients with foot ulcerations, a fact frequently reported in literature, due to an aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors. It is estimated that cardiovascular-related mortality and morbidity is two to four times higher in DM patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulceration compared with those without ulcerations [25,26]. The relationship is bidirectional; firstly, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia contribute both to the development of CAD and diabetic foot ulceration; additionally, the presence of diabetic foot ulceration and the infection is associated with an inflammatory reaction, a subclinical inflammation characterised by high levels of circulating cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or interleukin 6 (IL-6), resistin, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and low circulating levels of adiponectin [26,27]; these cytokines have a negative role on the normal function of the endothelium, thus increasing the risk for subsequent cardiovascular events [28].…”

<p>Incidence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Its Predictors Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study</p>

“…In this study, the association of age and DFU was not significant. However, previous cross-sectional studies conducted in Thailand, 35 India, 36 and Saudi Arabia 34 showed older age to be significantly associated with DFU. This difference might be due to the current study considers only newly diagnosed diabetes patients and the majority 61% of the participants were younger than 50 years but in the former study, for example in Saudi Arabia, 34 the majority 66% of patients were older than 50 years.…”

“…[28][29][30][31] Studies indicated that DFU is affected by sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, and comorbidities. Among socio-demographic factors male sex, 32,33 being in the older age group, [34][35][36] and rural residency 28,31 are related to a higher risk of DFU. Of clinically related factors, duration of DM, 28,37 increased body mass index (BMI), 31,37 increased hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c), 33,38 higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL), higher triglyceride level, and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level [39][40][41][42] are associated with increased risk for vascular complication including DFU.…”

Faktor resiko kaki diabetik pada diabetes mellitus tipe 2

“…Penelitian yang dilakukan di Arab Saudi menunjukkan responden dengan kontrol glikemik yang buruk beresiko 4 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami kaki diabetic dibandingkan responden dengan kontrol glikemik yang baik 16 .…”