Factors associated with COVID‐19 in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Background There is debate as to whether there is an increased risk of COVID‐19 infection in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), possibly due to associated factors. This study aimed to systematically review the factors associated with COVID‐19 in people with PD. Methods A search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to November 2020 (updated until 1 April 2021). Observational studies that analyzed factors associated with COVID‐19 in people with PD were selected and revised. Results The authors included six studies (four case‐controlled studies and two cross‐sectional studies) in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. The authors found that the following factors were associated with COVID‐19 in people with PD: obesity (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.07–2.99, I 2 : 0%), any pulmonary disease (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.17–3.15, I 2 : 0%), COVID‐19 contact (OR: 41.77, 95% CI: 4.77 – 365.56, I 2 : 0%), vitamin D supplementation (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.83, I 2 : 0%), hospitalization (OR: 11.78, 95% CI: 6.27–22.12, I 2 : 0%), and death (OR: 11.23, 95% CI: 3.92–32.18, I 2 : 0%). The authors did not find any significant association between COVID‐19 and hypertension, diabetes, cardiopathy, cancer, any cognitive problem, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal or hepatic disease, smoking, and tremor. Conclusions Meta‐analyses were limited by the number of events and some methodological limitations. Despite this, the authors assessed the available evidence, and the results may be useful for future health policies.

Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in patients with Parkinson’s disease is 5% which is higher than the pooled prevalence reported in previous systematic reviews. In two previous systematic reviews, the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 in PD reported was 2% [ 5 , 27 ]. The difference could be due to the higher number of included studies.…”

“…The prevalence of PD is between 113 and 873 cases per 100,000 people and is higher in Europe and lowest in Asia [ 4 ]. As the patients with PD are elderlies and they have underlying diseases, they are at higher risk of developing COVID-19 and quarantine will affect the presence of the symptoms [ 5 ].…”

Secondary Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on People with Parkinson’s Disease—Results of a Polish Online Survey

“…The COVID-19 pandemic affects people with PD in many ways. Due to the pandemic and restrictions, some treatments have been unavailable, such as physiotherapy or aerobic exercises, which may explain the subjective feeling of the deterioration of motor and non-motor symptoms [ 28 ], as was shown in the present study.…”

Best practice approaches to outpatient management of people living with Parkinson’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…Older age and male sex are important risk factors for a severe course of and/or fatality after COVID-19 infection, as are diabetes, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, or previous neurological disease ( Williamson et al 2020;Covino et al 2020;Grasselli et al 2020;Zhou et al 2020;Bonanad et al 2020;Ko et al 2021). Pulmonary disease, obesity, and hypertension have also been specifically identified as risk factors for a severe COVID-19 disease course in PD patients (Chambergo-Michilot et al 2021;Fasano et al 2020c;Huber et al 2021). Although the risk of a complicated COVID-19 disease course is increased for people with older age and associated arterial hypertension, this risk is even higher in PD patients, especially with longer disease duration, than in non-PD patients (Fasano et al 2020b, c;Orlando et al 2021;Chambergo-Michilot et al 2021).…”

“…Pulmonary disease, obesity, and hypertension have also been specifically identified as risk factors for a severe COVID-19 disease course in PD patients (Chambergo-Michilot et al 2021;Fasano et al 2020c;Huber et al 2021). Although the risk of a complicated COVID-19 disease course is increased for people with older age and associated arterial hypertension, this risk is even higher in PD patients, especially with longer disease duration, than in non-PD patients (Fasano et al 2020b, c;Orlando et al 2021;Chambergo-Michilot et al 2021). PD patients may also have a higher mortality risk from COVID-19 infection per se (Zhang et al 2020b;Rutten et al 2020;Grasselli et al 2020;Parihar et al 2021).…”