Factors associated with attrition, mortality, and loss to follow up after antiretroviral therapy initiation: data from an HIV cohort study in India

Abstract

BackgroundStudies from sub-Saharan Africa have shown high incidence of attrition due to mortality or loss to follow-up (LTFU) after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). India is the third largest country in the world in terms of HIV infected people, but predictors of attrition after ART initiation are not well known.DesignWe describe factors associated with attrition, mortality, and LTFU in 3,159 HIV infected patients who initiated ART between 1 January 2007 and 4 November 2011 in an HIV cohort study in India. The study included 6,852 person-years with a mean follow-up of 2.17 years.ResultsAfter 5 years of follow-up, the estimated cumulative incidence of attrition was 37.7%. There was no significant difference between attrition due to mortality and attrition due to LTFU. Having CD4 counts <100 cells/µl and being homeless [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6–3.8] were associated with a higher risk of attrition, and female gender (aHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.6–0.8) was associated with a reduced risk of attrition. Living near a town (aHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.7–0.999) was associated with a reduced risk of mortality. Being single (aHR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3), illiteracy (aHR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6), and age <25 years (aHR 1.3, 95% CI 1–1.8) were associated with an increased risk of LTFU. Although the cumulative incidence of attrition in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis after ART initiation was 47.4%, patients who started anti-tuberculous treatment before ART had similar attrition to patients without tuberculosis (36 vs. 35.2%, P=0.19) after four years of follow-up.ConclusionsIn this cohort study, the attrition was similar to the one found in sub-Saharan Africa. Earlier initiation of ART, improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis before initiating ART, and giving more support to those patients at higher risk of attrition could potentially reduce the mortality and LTFU after ART initiation.

Pregnant women with HIV in rural Nigeria have higher rates of antiretroviral treatment initiation, but similar loss to follow-up as non-pregnant women and men

“…36 However, our findings that individuals with higher CD4 counts were more likely to be LTFU is consistent with some reports 36,51 but not with others. [52][53][54] A similar study from Nigeria 25 found an increased risk of LTFU in patients with low (<100) and high (>350) CD4 counts, which the authors attributed to patients being dead, or believing themselves to be healthy and therefore not needing to return for care.…”

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“…It is known that compliance among patients who improve is poor compared with those who are still unwell while cultural practices may also play a role. [18,19] It is tempting to suggest that because the children in the sequential group felt much better than their counterparts in the conventional group, they failed to come for their follow-up visit.…”

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