Factors and Time of Sample Collection for Correlating Storage Potential of `McIntosh', `Spartan', and `Golden Delicious' Apples

Wolk, William D.; Lau, Oi‐Lim; Neilsen, G. H.; Drought, B. G.

doi:10.21273/jashs.123.1.104

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Few fruit P thresholds have been developed for apple, although whole fruit P concentrations above 110 mgÁkg -1 fw have been recommended for cultivars susceptible to low-temperature breakdown (Neilsen and Neilsen, 2003). In an extensive study (3 years, 90 orchards) of traditional apple cultivars (McIntosh', 'Spartan,' and 'Golden Delicious') in the fruit-growing region of southern British Columbia, harvest fruit P concentration averaged 100 mgÁkg -1 fw (Wolk et al, 1998). These concentrations were similar to fruit in this study not receiving P.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Neilsen¹,

Neilsen²,

Toivonen³

et al. 2008

horts

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A randomized, complete block, split-plot experimental design with six replicates was established and maintained annually for the first five fruiting seasons (1999 to 2003) in a high-density apple [Malus sylvestris (L) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf] orchard on M.9 rootstock planted in Apr. 1998. Main plot treatments involved eight different nutrient regimes, each containing three tree subplots of each of five different cultivars (Ambrosia, Cameo, Fuji, Gala, and Silken). This report compares a +phosphorus (P) treatment, involving annual fertigation at bloom time of 20 g P/tree as ammonium polyphosphate (10N–15P–0K), to a −P treatment. Both treatments also received nitrogen, potassium, and boron nutrients through fertigation. Drip fertigation of P increased 2 M KCl-extractable P to 0.4-m depth within 0.5-m distance of the drippers. Leaf and fruit P concentrations were consistently increased by the +P treatment with few differences among cultivars. P-fertigated trees also had a 20% increase in cumulative yield overall cultivars during the first five fruiting seasons. Standard fruit quality measurements, including fruit size, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and red coloration were unaffected by P application. However, reductions in incidence of water core at harvest, increased resistance to browning, and elevated antioxidant content of harvested fruit measured in some years imply a role for P in apple membrane stability. The cumulative results indicate that applications of 20 g P as ammonium polyphosphate annually at bloom would be advantageous for apples receiving adequate fertigated applications of nitrogen, potassium, and boron. Best apple performance was associated with leaf P concentrations above 2.2 mg·g−1 dry weight and fruit P concentrations between 100 and 120 mg·kg−1 dry weight.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Neilsen¹,

Neilsen²,

Toivonen³

et al. 2008

horts

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“…The main predictive method that has been used for many years to assess the risk of bitter pit, is based on analysis of Ca content in fruit, and also on that of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents, and their relationship with Ca content in fruit (Autio et al, 1986;Wolk et al, 1998). However, the concentration of Ca is usually very low and variable, both within the same fruit and between fruit on the same tree; as a result, large sample sizes are necessary to assess the risk of bitter pit (Ferguson and Triggs, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of symptoms pre-harvest using the ‘passive method’: An easy way to predict bitter pit

Torres

Recasens

Peris

et al. 2015

Postharvest Biology and Technology

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A B S T R A C TAn effective method for predicting bitter pit incidence implemented before harvest could be a useful instrument for both the fruit industry and growers. Between 2009 and 2011, various methods for the prediction of bitter pit were evaluated at 60, 40, and 20 days before harvest (dbh) and at a commercial harvest in 'Golden Smoothee' apples. Four methodologies, two new ones (the development of natural bitter pit before harvest through the 'passive method' and bagging detached fruit before commercial ripening), and two of known efficacy under other conditions (infiltration with magnesium salts and maturity enhancement with ethephon dips) were assessed. To estimate the predictive accuracy of each method, bitter pit-like symptoms were related to the postharvest presence of bitter pit. The 'passive method' assesses bitter pit-like symptoms that appear naturally in fruit once they are picked from the tree, and left at room temperature during its evaluation. The 'passive method', as well as the infiltration with magnesium salts and ethephon dips, recognized bitter pit-like symptoms approximately 5-7 days after sampling (at 40 dbh) and showed significant correlation with the incidence of bitter pit after three months of cold storage. The 'passive' and 'ethephon' methods were also validated over two additional seasons in 30 and 16 different orchards, respectively. The results of these validations supported the efficacy of using the 'passive method' as the main method for predicting bitter pit, without having to use either reactive products or specialized equipment.

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“…This suggests that reductions in fruit size were greater than reductions in nutrient inflow to the fruit thereby increasing fruit nutrient concentration. Since fruit Ca concentration increases were proportionally larger than any increases in fruit K, fruit K/Ca ratios, which have been associated with decreased fruit storage potential when too high (Wolk et al, 1998), were not increased. The minor effects on fruit nutrient concentration of restricting water and fertilizer application to one side of the tree is further evidence of minimal nutritional consequences of reducing water application by reducing the volume of wetted soil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Crop Load on Leaf and Fruit Nutrition of Fertigated ‘Ambrosia’/‘M.9’ Apple

Neilsen¹,

Neilsen²,

Guak³

et al. 2015

horts

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Mature, fruiting ‘Ambrosia’/‘M.9’ apple [Malus ×sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees were subjected over three growing seasons to a split-plot experimental design involving four irrigation main plot treatments and three subplot crop load treatments with six replicates. This semiarid production region is traditionally irrigated 01 May to 01 Oct. during which time an average of ≈ 15 cm of precipitation occurs. Irrigation treatments were applied through 2 × 4 L⋅h−1 emitters per tree and included I1: daily application of 100% evapotranspiration (ET); or I2: 50% daily ET; or I3: 50% ET applied to one side; and I4: 50%, 25%, or 18% ET-application, applied every second day, 2007–09, respectively. Crop load treatments were imposed annually ≈4 to 5 weeks after full bloom to create low (2.5, 3, and 3.75 fruits/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), medium (4.5, 6, and 7.5 fruits/cm2 TCSA), and high crop loads (9, 12, and 15 fruits/cm2 TCSA), 2007–09, respectively. Leaf and fruit nutrient concentration was affected more by crop load than by any deficit irrigation strategy. Increased crop load increased concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and fruit Ca in 2 of 3 years and consistently decreased concentrations of leaf and fruit phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and, in 2 of 3 years, fruit boron (B). Reductions in seasonal water applications (as with I4) reduced leaf P in 2 of 3 years. But, when significant, (usually only 1 of 3 year) increased fruit Ca, magnesium (Mg), P, K, and B concentrations. Crop load also had a dominant effect on fruit nutrient removal rates expressed as kilograms per hectare. High crop load increased removal of all measured nutrients in most years. In contrast, imposition of deficit irrigation strategies often (2 of 3 years) reduced fruit P, Mg, and B removal rates but had little effect on N, Ca, and K. Cumulative evidence suggests that deficit irrigation applied to N, P, K, and B fertigated high density ‘Ambrosia’ apple orchards in combination with crop load reduction to maintain fruit size should usually not create additional nutrient problems. However, low fruit Ca concentrations may occur if the crop is very low. Fertigation of 20 g K/tree/year was insufficient for older trees because inadequate K occurred in all treatments by the third year.

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Factors and Time of Sample Collection for Correlating Storage Potential of `McIntosh', `Spartan', and `Golden Delicious' Apples

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Induction of symptoms pre-harvest using the ‘passive method’: An easy way to predict bitter pit

The Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Crop Load on Leaf and Fruit Nutrition of Fertigated ‘Ambrosia’/‘M.9’ Apple

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