Factors Affecting the Upgrading of a Nickeliferous Limonitic Laterite Ore by Reduction Roasting, Thermal Growth and Magnetic Separation

Rodrigues, F.-J. Saraiva; Pickles, C.A.; Peacey, J.G.; Elliott, R.; Forster, J.

doi:10.3390/min7090176

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, the decomposition of goethite into hematite crystals occurs at 900 °C [21,31]. From a temperature of 300 to 875 °C, a mass reduction of 4.95% was detected, which means that there was a reduction in iron and nickel oxide as well as the presence of gasification from carbon (1.4% Ni).…”

Section: Non-isothermal Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

Shofi¹,

Supriyatna

Prasetyo

2020

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Section: Non-isothermal Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with some carbonaceous material as a reducing agent [18][19][20][21]. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

Shofi¹,

Supriyatna

Prasetyo

2020

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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“…Thus, the abundant nickel laterite resources with a share of as high as 70% of total nickel resources tend to be more and more concerning [4][5][6]. It is noteworthy that limonitic laterite characterized as high-iron and low-nickel laterite ore accounts for 60% of the total nickel laterite resources, which has been massively imported from Indonesia and Philippines to China in recent years because of the scarcity of nickel laterite resources in China and the export restriction of high-grade laterite to overseas countries [7][8][9][10]. Therefore, the effective utilization of limonitic laterite is of critical importance for stainless steel production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Utilization of Limonitic Nickel Laterite via Pressurized Densification Process and Its Relevant Mechanism

et al. 2020

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Limonitic laterite contains low iron and nickel grades and much high smelting minerals and loss on ignition (LOI), identified as refractory iron ore for sintering. Thus, sinter pot tests of limonitic laterite via pressurized densification sintering and its intensification mechanism were conducted, and the industrial application prospect was explored. The results indicate that the sintering performance of the limonitic laterite of the new process is significantly improved with the tumble index and productivity increased by 19.2% and 18.6%, respectively, and solid fuel rate lowered by 10.3%. The external pressure field promotes the synchronization of heat front velocity and combustion front velocity for better sintering heat and mass transfer conditions, which also greatly improves the mineral compositions and microstructure of the product sinter. The microstructure is converted from large thin-wall pores into small thin-wall or large thick-wall pores with the sinter porosity decreased by 42.4%. Much close interlocking texture between hercynite and silico-ferrite of calcium and alumina (SFCA) is formed with hercynite grains aggregation and growth, and SFCA amount substantially increased. The better sintering performance will bring about a remarkable economic benefit of 282.78 million RMB/a if the industrial application is implemented. The pressurized densification sintering process is considered as one of the effective technologies for improving limonitic laterite sintering.

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“…At the moment, high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) and pyrometallurgical treatment are the two main technologies for nickel laterite processing [11,12]. However, they have some disadvantages, such as high autoclave investment costs [6,13], technical problems [14], and high energy consumption [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Control in Atmospheric Acid Laterite Leaching

et al. 2019

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Iron control in the atmospheric acid leaching (AL) of nickel laterite was evaluated in this study. The aim was to decrease acid consumption and iron dissolution by iron precipitation during nickel leaching. The combined acid leaching and iron precipitation process involves direct acid leaching of the limonite type of laterite followed by a simultaneous iron precipitation and nickel leaching step. Iron precipitation as jarosite is carried out by using nickel containing silicate laterite for neutralization. Acid is generated in the jarosite precipitation reaction, and it dissolves nickel and other metals like magnesium from the silicate laterite. Leaching tests were carried out using three laterite samples from the Agios Ioannis, Evia Island, and Kastoria mines in Greece. Relatively low acid consumption was achieved during the combined precipitation and acid leaching tests. The acid consumption was approximately 0.4 kg acid per kg laterite, whereas the acid consumption in direct acid leaching of the same laterite samples was approximately 0.6–0.8 kg acid per kg laterite. Iron dissolution was only 1.5–3% during the combined precipitation and acid leaching tests, whereas in direct acid leaching it was 15–30% with the Agios Ioannis and Evia Island samples and 80% with the Kastoria sample.

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Factors Affecting the Upgrading of a Nickeliferous Limonitic Laterite Ore by Reduction Roasting, Thermal Growth and Magnetic Separation

Cited by 24 publications

References 22 publications

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

Selective Reduction of Southeast Sulawesi Nickel Laterite using Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal: Kinetic Studies with Addition of Na2SO4 and NaCl as Additives

Effective Utilization of Limonitic Nickel Laterite via Pressurized Densification Process and Its Relevant Mechanism

Iron Control in Atmospheric Acid Laterite Leaching

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