Factors Affecting the Surface Activity of Japanese Common Toad, Bufo japonicus formosus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) during the Non-breeding Season

Factors Affecting the Seasonal Activity of Japanese Red-Bellied Newts, Cynops pyrrhogaster (Amphibia: Salamandridae)

“…Although the differential effects of environmental variables on amphibian activity have been reported before between the two sexes (e.g., Kusano et al, 2015Kusano et al, , 2023, clear sexual differences in response to environmental variables were not detected in the present study. This study showed that the most important environmental variable was water temperature regardless of genders, based on standardized regression coefficients.…”

“…We demonstrated that the lunar cycle did not affect seasonal changes in newt activity in the water. In the Japanese toads, B. formosus, inhabiting the present study site, breeding activity was affected by the lunar cycle, although it was not affected during the non-breeding season (Kusano et al, 2015(Kusano et al, , 2023. The lunar-mediated breeding activity of the toads is considered to be related to the temporal synchronization of breeding because reproductive synchronization may enhance the reproductive success of breeding individuals in explosive breeders, such as toads (Grant et al, 2009(Grant et al, , 2013Kusano et al, 2015).…”