Factors affecting the formation of phytol and its incorporation into chlorophyll by homogenates of the leaves of the french bean Phaseolus vulgaris

Watts, Rodney; Kekwick, R. G. O.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(74)90423-8

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Phytol is found in green plants as part of the chlorophyll molecule and obtained by hydrolysis of the chlorophyll, and free phytol is generally detected in a small amount in green plants (Watts & Kekwick, 1974). In the present study, most of E-phytol in S. litura larvae (ca.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Chemical cues from Spodoptera litura larvae elicit prey‐locating behavior by the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Yasuda

1997

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Two chemical compounds eliciting prey‐locating behavior of the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata, were isolated from solvent extracts of Spodoptera litura larvae and identified. A hexane eluted fraction from silica gel chromatography of the solvent extracts of S. litura larvae was attractive to E. furcellata nymphs when assayed with a linear track olfactometer. The hexane fraction was found to contain n‐pentadecane (2500 ng/larva), n‐tetracosane (54 ng/larva), n‐heptadecane (41 ng/larva), n‐heptacosane (61 ng/larva), n‐nonacosane (147 ng/larva), n‐hentriacontane (200 ng/larva) and squalene (323 ng/larva). The synthetic n‐pentadecane was attractive to the bugs, although its activity was slightly lower than that of the hexane fraction. A mixture of synthetic n‐pentadecane and the other six hydrocarbons was also attractive, although no improved attractiveness was observed by the addition of the latter compounds. On the other hand, a 15%‐ether‐in‐ hexane eluted fraction from silica gel chromatography stimulated bugs to display a proboscis‐protruding behavior. A neutral‐layer fraction of the 15% fraction, which contained E‐phytol (480 ng/larva), also elicited this behavior. Synthetic E‐phytol had the same effect on the predators as the neutral‐layer fraction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Chemical cues from Spodoptera litura larvae elicit prey‐locating behavior by the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Yasuda

1997

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…(E)-Phytol is found in green plants as an alcoholic moiety of the chlorophyll molecule (Smith et al, 1983). This compound is obtained by hydrolysis of chlorophyll in the laboratory (Watts & Kekwick, 1974). However, the amount of free (E)-phytol is usu-ally small in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of chlorophyll content of prey diets in prey‐locating behavior of a generalist predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Yasuda

1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Feeding preferences of nymphs of a predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata, to Spodoptera litura larvae fed with various food items were examined. Bugs preferred larvae fed with spinach leaves to those feeding on bean sprouts. Solvent extracts of S. litura larvae given spinach or lettuce leaves contained a large amount of (E)‐phytol which was found to elicit the proboscis‐protruding behavior of this bug. (E)‐Phytol was not detected in similar extracts of larvae fed with bean sprouts containing no (E)‐phytol. When S. litura larvae fed with artificial diets containing various amounts of chlorophyll, the (E)‐phytol contents in those larvae and their feces increased in proportion to the dietary chlorophyll contents, indicating that (E)‐phytol was derived from the chlorophyll ingested through hydrolysis. Bugs showed the proboscis‐protruding behavior in response to extracts of larvae fed with spinach and lettuce leaves or a kidney‐bean artificial diet, and their response depended on (E)‐phytol contents. On the other hand, extracts of larvae fed with bean sprouts were not effective. When a larva fed with bean sprouts was treated with (E)‐phytol and presented together with a larva fed with spinach leaves, bugs failed to distinguish between the two. These results indicate that (E)‐phytol originating from chlorophyll in the prey diet serves as an important cue in the prey‐locating behavior of E. furcellata.

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“…By Refs. 8,23,22,5,and 24, respectively). GG is known to occur as the side chain in bacteriochlorophyll of purple bacteria (7), and it was later found in trace amounts esterified to Chl a in greening etiolated tissue (12,25).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GG is the most likely precursor of Ph, but until recently (20) there was no direct evidence of a conversion of GG to Ph. Ph had been shown to be labeled by a number of different precursors: the hydrogen donor NADPH, basic carbon precursors, such as acetate, mevalonate, and IPP, but not by GG (see Refs. 8,23,22,5,and 24,respectively). GG is known to occur as the side chain in bacteriochlorophyll of purple bacteria (7), and it was later found in trace amounts esterified to Chl a in greening etiolated tissue (12,25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogenation of Geranylgeraniol

Soll¹,

Schultz²,

Rüdiger³

et al. 1983

Plant Physiol.

116

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The reduction of geranylgeranylpyrophosphate to phytylpyrophosphate in spinach chloroplasts is described for the first time. The reductase is localized in the chloroplast envelope. By Refs. 8,23,22,5,and 24, respectively). GG is known to occur as the side chain in bacteriochlorophyll of purple bacteria (7), and it was later found in trace amounts esterified to Chl a in greening etiolated tissue (12,25). Rudiger et al. (17) showed that an enzyme different from chlorophyllase, i.e., Chl synthetase, was responsible for the esterification of Chlide in etiolated tissue. Subsequently, this enzyme was demonstrated in spinach chloroplasts (6,20) and Chl-free chromoplasts from daffodil (1 1). Further examination of the last steps ofChl biosynthesis in greening etiolated oat seedlings showed a stepwise reduction of the initial product, ChiGG, via Chl dihydrogeranylgeraniol and Chl tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol to Chiph (2,18). In a preliminary report (20), we showed that this sequence also exists in the natural green system. Very little is known about the regulation of this important final step in Chl synthesis in chloroplasts.In studies of tocopherol and phylloquinone synthesis, we found that GGPP could not substitute for PPP in the enzymic prenylation of the aromatic precursor of either vitamin (19,21). This is in contrast to Chl synthetase which uses GGPP and PPP and to a ' This work was aided by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.2Abbreviations: Ph, phytol; GG, geranylgeraniol; IPP, isopentenylpyrophosphate; ChlGG.DHGG,THGG,Ph, Chi esterified with GG, dihydro-GG, tetrahydro-GG, and Ph; GGPP and PPP, GG-and Ph-pyrophosphate; Phae, phaeophytin; FPP, farnesol-PP; Chl aF, Chl afarnesoi.lesser extent even FPP in the etioplast system (17). In a recent short communication (20), we showed for the first time that GGPP was directly incorporated into Ph. No data were available for the localization and regulation of this reductase activity. The data presented below further characterize the reduction of GGPP and show that two distinct sites and two distinct pathways exist for the conversion of the geranylgeranyl moiety to the phytyl moiety in spinach chloroplasts: the chloroplast envelope for the hydrogenation of GGPP to PPP, and the thylakoids for the esterification of chlide with GGPP and stepwise reduction of Chlc0 to ChlPh. MATERIALS AND METHODSReagents. The reagents were from commercial sources and were of the highest purity available.

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Factors affecting the formation of phytol and its incorporation into chlorophyll by homogenates of the leaves of the french bean Phaseolus vulgaris

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

Chemical cues from Spodoptera litura larvae elicit prey‐locating behavior by the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Chemical cues from Spodoptera litura larvae elicit prey‐locating behavior by the predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Role of chlorophyll content of prey diets in prey‐locating behavior of a generalist predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata

Hydrogenation of Geranylgeraniol

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