Factors Affecting the Formation and Treatment of Thrombosis by Natural and Synthetic Compounds

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells. In this review, we summarise the impact of various factors affecting haemostatic disorders leading to blood clot formation. The paper discusses the causes of thrombosis, the mechanism of blood clot formation, and factors such as hypoxia, the involvement of endothelial cells (ECs), and the activation of platelets and neutrophils along with the effects of bacteria and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms related to the action of anticoagulants affecting coagulation factors including antiplatelet drugs have also been discussed. However, many aspects related to the pathogenesis of thrombosis still need to be clarified. A review of the drugs used to treat and prevent thrombosis and natural anticoagulants that occur in the plant world and are traditionally used in Far Eastern medicine has also been carried out.

Astragalin Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Thrombosis and Alveolar Inflammation and Disrupts PAR Activation and Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK-Signaling

“…Thus, the increase in cardiovascular incidents requires the introduction of natural anticoagulants that would be effective in treating and preventing thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. Various substances of natural origin influence the mechanisms of thrombosis in diverse ways, affecting the coagulation system and platelet activation and aggregation [ 38 ]. Astragalin inhibited cigarette smoke-induced PAR signaling in lung tissues, indicating that this compound may deter thrombin activity and ensuing pulmonary thromboembolism.…”

“…As expected, astragalin suppressed thrombin-stimulated alveolar induction of PAR proteins and enhanced tPA induction along with concurrent reduction of PAI-1. Since oxidative stress promotes thrombosis [ 39 ], natural compounds that reduce the level of oxidative stress may be candidates for treating thrombotic complications [ 38 , 40 ]. This study found that astragalin inhibited thrombin-induced ROS production and ensuing MAPK signaling, which would be a safe and effective novel antithrombotic pharmacotherapy.…”

“…The current finding suggests that astragalin may sever a PAR-dependent connection between TF-initiated pulmonary thrombosis and oxidative stress-elicited alveolar inflammation in cigarette smoke-induced thrombotic milieu. Flavonoids abrogate hyperactivation of platelets and atherothrombosis by inhibiting excessive TF availability in the endothelium [ 24 , 38 ]. The plant flavonoid fisetin blunts oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage in rat lungs induced by cigarette smoke [ 43 ].…”

Feasibility and Safety of a Novel Leg Exercise Apparatus for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Total Joint Arthroplasty of the Lower Extremities

“…Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) [1,2]. Orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs constitutes a high-risk factor for VTE: patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty show an incidence of this complication of approximately 0.6-1.5% [3,4].…”

Plant-Based Bioactive Molecules in Improving Health and Preventing Lifestyle Diseases

“…Since diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are additional risk factors for thrombosis that is also associated to oxidative stress, the dietary supplement with natural compounds such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and terpenoids might be useful to reduce the risk of thrombosis reducing ROS levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines; in addition, they exercise anticoagulant effects, probably via the endogenous coagulation system and thus inhibit platelet aggregation/function or prothrombotic effects [ 13 ].…”