Factors Affecting the Flight Capacity of <I>Tetrastichus planipennisi</I> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Classical Biological Control Agent of <I>Agrilus planipennis</I> (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Evaluation of tree mortality and parasitoid recoveries on the contiguous western invasion front of emerald ash borer

“…Future studies should examine how T. planipennisi locates hosts, whether it uses visual and or chemical cues to orient towards larger trees, or whether it simply encounters ash trees in relation to their size and its dispersal in the field (Fahrner et al, 2014). Additional sampling should test for persistence of T. planipennisi in Wisconsin, as well as potential establishment of S. agrili and O. agrili.…”

“…Emergence ranges from five to 122 (mean = 25) per host, and larvae develop in 20-27 days with four or more generations per year in China (Bauer et al, 2008a). This wasp is a strong disperser, especially when energy sources for adults are available and temperatures are optimal (Fahrner et al, 2014(Fahrner et al, , 2015. It is relatively cold tolerant (Hanson et al, 2013).…”

Effect of light intensity and nutritional value of food resources on flight response of adult parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

“…In the field, adult parasitoids are observed visiting flowering plants to feed on floral or extra-floral nectar (Jervis et al 1993; Idris and Grafius 1995) to access carbohydrates and water which is essential for parasitoid maintenance, especially for increased flight capacity (Wackers 2005). This is true for T. planipennisi (Fahrner et al 2014), C. glomerata (Wanner et al 2006), and several other parasitoid species. The energy obtained through adult feeding on supplemental sugar sources may also be necessary for sustaining flight capacity in parasitoids because flight in insects is a highly energy-demanding behaviour with metabolic rates during flight increasing 50–100- fold compared with metabolism at rest (Beenakkers et al 1984; Chapman, 1998; Hoferer et al 2000, Fahrner et al 2014).…”

“…This is true for T. planipennisi (Fahrner et al 2014), C. glomerata (Wanner et al 2006), and several other parasitoid species. The energy obtained through adult feeding on supplemental sugar sources may also be necessary for sustaining flight capacity in parasitoids because flight in insects is a highly energy-demanding behaviour with metabolic rates during flight increasing 50–100- fold compared with metabolism at rest (Beenakkers et al 1984; Chapman, 1998; Hoferer et al 2000, Fahrner et al 2014). In most agro-ecosystems where parasitoids play a crucial role in controlling insect pests’ population, the two vital resources (i.e.…”

“…For many natural enemies, for example, parasitoids mobility is directly related to flight aptitude which is determined by capacity and inclination of a species engaged in flight. There are several biotic factors such as body size, age, sex (Fahrner et al 2014; Alves et al 2015; Gaudon et al 2016; Gaudon et al 2018) and abiotic factors, like temperature (Rousse et al 2009; Jerbi-Elayed et al 2015; Gaudon et al 2016), photoperiod (Alves et al 2015) and humidity (Rousse et al 2009; Keppner and Jarau 2016) plays major role in determining the host searching and flight activity of insect parasitoids. Out of these, light intensity and feeding status are two important factors which directly affect the flight behaviour of insects.…”