Factors affecting placental size in beef cattle: Maternal and fetal influences

Redifer, Colby A; Duncan, Natalie B; Meyer, Allison M

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.015

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In addition, calves born to Holstein heifers of <22 months of age had a BTW on average 2.75 kg less than those calving at over 22.5 months [ 43 ]. In contrast, Redifer et al [ 32 ] reported that, although PP dams had lower placental and cotyledon weights than older MP dams, calf BTW was unaffected.…”

Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 96%

“…In partial accord with this, nutrient restriction of beef cows from day 30 to 125 of gestation reduced their placental weights, and the placentae remained smaller in late pregnancy at 250 days gestation despite subsequent re-alimentation, although fetal weight at this time point was not affected [ 31 ]. Redifer et al [ 32 ] found that beef cow dams with a thin body condition score (BCS) produced lighter placentae. Some further studies in cattle have examined the morphology of expelled placentae obtained immediately after calving [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Redifer et al [ 32 ] found that beef cow dams with a thin body condition score (BCS) produced lighter placentae. Some further studies in cattle have examined the morphology of expelled placentae obtained immediately after calving [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These all found significant positive relationships between the placental weight and the total cotyledonary surface area with the weight of the newborn calf.…”

Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle—Is It a Cause for Concern?

Wathes

2022

Animals

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Cattle fertility remains sub-optimal despite recent improvements in genetic selection. The extent to which an individual heifer fulfils her genetic potential can be influenced by fetal programming during pregnancy. This paper reviews the evidence that a dam’s age, milk yield, health, nutrition and environment during pregnancy may programme permanent structural and physiological modifications in the fetus. These can alter the morphology and body composition of the calf, postnatal growth rates, organ structure, metabolic function, endocrine function and immunity. Potentially important organs which can be affected include the ovaries, liver, pancreas, lungs, spleen and thymus. Insulin/glucose homeostasis, the somatotropic axis and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis can all be permanently reprogrammed by the pre-natal environment. These changes may act directly at the level of the ovary to influence fertility, but most actions are indirect. For example, calf health, the timing of puberty, the age and body structure at first calving, and the ability to balance milk production with metabolic health and fertility after calving can all have an impact on reproductive potential. Definitive experiments to quantify the extent to which any of these effects do alter fertility are particularly challenging in cattle, as individual animals and their management are both very variable and lifetime fertility takes many years to assess. Nevertheless, the evidence is compelling that the fertility of some animals is compromised by events happening before they are born. Calf phenotype at birth and their conception data as a nulliparous heifer should therefore both be assessed to avoid such animals being used as herd replacements.

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Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fetal Origins Of Adult Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle—Is It a Cause for Concern?

Wathes

2022

Animals

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“…The sizes of the placentomes vary depending on location. For example, placentomes closer to the middle of the uterine horn containing the fetus and nearest to the attachment of the middle uterine artery are the largest (Roberts, 2004., Blankenvoorde, 2011;Redifer et al, 2021).…”

Section: Placentomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive biochemical and oxidative markers for dairy cows with and without retained fetal placenta

Elmetwally¹,

Shalapy

Montaser

2022

Preprint

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The changes in the expression profile of the angiogenicgenes and serum biomarkers were investigated in the cows with the retained placenta after normal parturition. Retained fetal membranes (RFM) are considered one of the main reproductive disorders in dairy cattle. Highlight the effects of Excede® (Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid: Zoetis, USA) in combination with Oxytocin (Oxytocin®, each ml contains 10 IU oxytocin, ADWIA, Egypt), Estrumate® (250µg cloprostenol: synthetic analogue of PGF2ά) and Flunixin Meglumine® (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on the reproductive performance in dairy cows. A total of 16 cows were allocated into two groups: group 1 (n = 8) the cows that have a normal loosed placenta, and group 2 (n = 8). The cows that have retained fetal membranes for more than 24 h after parturition. Blood with EDTA was collected from the tail vein for studying the expression of angiogenic proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor1 (VEGFR1), and RANTES genes. Serum was collected at a one-week interval before/after parturition for the study of biochemical changes. The VEGF expression decreased ten folds in cows with retained than normally dropped placentae (p ˂ 0.0001). The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) showed a threefold increase in cows with normal loosed than retained placentae (p˂0.01). The RANTES was increased in cows with retained rather than normal placentae by about 7 folds (p˂0.01). Phosphorus and total proteins were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM cows one week after parturition. The serum albumin, TG, HDL, and cholesterol were significantly lower (p˂0.05) in RFM before, at, and after parturition. CPK was significantly higher in RFM before, at, and after parturition (p˂0.05). Increased values of MDA and decreased values of CAT, SOD, and R-GSH were detected in the blood of cows suffering from RFM (p˂0.05). Reproductive performance parameters for all studied cows were days to first estrous, number of service per conception and pregnancy rate. All reproductive parameters demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) changes between treated animals. The translation of VEGF and its receptor and RANTESmRNA at the time of parturition in dairy cows could be proxy biomarkers for the prediction of retained fetal membranes (RFM). In the same line, the activity of total proteins, serum albumin, TG, HDL, cholesterol, and CPK would be useful in the prediction of the RFM in dairy cows. Altogether, the obtained results indicated that retained fetal membranes in cows could be treated successfully without any interference by systemic injection of cephalosporin with caring of temperature. The reproductive performance criteria for all cows studied were the time of first estrus, the number of services per conception, and pregnancy rates. All parameters of reproductive performance showed significant changes (P < 0.05) among the treated animals. The results also indicated that cephalosporin can be used by systemic injection to treat placental retention with caring of the animal's temperature.

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“…In cattle and sheep production, previous studies have reported that maternal undernutrition during gestation causes some negative influence, such as the reduction of carcass composition and organ size of neonatal calves and lambs, and delay of subsequent puberty onset ( 14 , 15 ). The placenta plays a critical role in modulating maternal-fetal resource allocation, thereby affecting fetal growth and long-term health of the offspring ( 16 ). The fetus exchanges substances with the mother mainly through the placental blood circulation system, obtaining nutrients and excreting metabolic wastes ( 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High energy diet of beef cows during gestation promoted growth performance of calves by improving placental nutrients transport

Kang

Zeng

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary energy level during gestation on growth performance and serum parameters in offspring using beef cattle as research objects. Additionally, the gene expressions associated with nutrients transport in the placenta were evaluated. Eighteen Simmental crossbred cows (body weight = 338.44 ± 16.03 kg and 760 ± 6 days of age) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatment groups: low energy (LE, metabolic energy = 8.76 MJ/kg), medium (ME, 9.47 MJ/kg) and high (HE, 10.18 MJ/kg). The dietary treatments were introduced from day 45 before expected date of parturition. The pre-experiment lasted for 15 days and formal experiment lasted for 30 days. Growth performance data and blood samples of calves were collected at birth and day 30 post-birth. The placental tissue was collected at parturition. The results indicated that the birth weight and average daily gain of calves in HE group were higher (P < 0.05) than those in LE group. After parturition, the serum contents of glucose, total protein, cortisol and leptin in neonatal calves were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with the elevation of dietary energy levels. At 30 days postpartum, the glucose, glutathione peroxidase, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 and leptin concentrations of HE group were significantly increased (P < 0.05) as compared with LE group, while the serum amyloid protein A displayed an opposite trend between two groups. With the increase of dietary energy concentration, placental mRNA expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor A, glucose transporter 1 and 3 were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the amino acid transporter solute carrier family 38 member 1, hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 2, insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 mRNA expressions of HE group were higher (P < 0.05) than those of LE and ME groups. In conclusion, the improved growth performance of calves from the high energy ration supplemented beef cows may be attributed to the increased placental nutrients transport, which may lead to the increased nutrient supply to the fetus.

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Factors affecting placental size in beef cattle: Maternal and fetal influences

Cited by 20 publications

References 62 publications

Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle—Is It a Cause for Concern?

Developmental Programming of Fertility in Cattle—Is It a Cause for Concern?

Predictive biochemical and oxidative markers for dairy cows with and without retained fetal placenta

High energy diet of beef cows during gestation promoted growth performance of calves by improving placental nutrients transport

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