Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women

Abstract

Malnutrition in pregnant women has an impact on both mother and child. In children causing LBW, premature, developmental disorders, stunting. Mother, it causes chronic energy deficiency and anemia. Therefore important to conduct literature studies regarding factors that affect the nutritional status of pregnant women. This literature study is purposeful to identify the influencing factors nutritional status of pregnant women and knowing whether there are other factors besides those that have been widely studied. This study used a narrative review method. Searched using EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Google Scholar database. Keywords “pregnant women” AND “nutritional status” AND “factor”. The inclusion criteria were articles that discuss the nutritional status of pregnant women, five last years, free full text, samples of pregnant women, in English, or Indonesian. The exclusion criteria were not including volume, number, and published articles. There were 16 quantitative research articles analyzed in this study. This study found factors that affect the nutritional status of pregnant women, which could be changed and which could not be changed. There were age, parity, education, knowledge,social-economic, infectious diseases, ANC, dietary habits, occupation and origin of residence. There are other factors besides those that have been widely studied, such as caffeine intake, illiteracy, and self-efficacy. Suggestions for research, it is necessary to have further research related to nutritional status by assessing weight gain and BMI, for health workers it is better to provide health education regarding factors that may be changed in pregnant women, namely nutrition knowledge, visit ANC, and diet.

Relationship between age, occupation, education, and parity with the chronic energy deficiency among pregnant women

“…Individuals become able to better understand through the educational process [25]. The lack of information about pregnant women's nutritional status will impact the food they consume [26]. Nevertheless, a mother with a lower education does not mean she does not have information about health during pregnancy.…”

“…Expectant mothers with more than three pregnancies are prone to CED. High parity also necessitates that women focus on their children rather than on their own diet and health state [26]. Grand multiparity has been shown to cause an increased risk of obstetric and medical issues, including anemia, birth asphyxia, preterm birth, low birth weight, macrosomia, stillbirth, and a high perinatal mortality rate, according to the evidence [31].…”

Exploring factors associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary choices among pregnant women attending primary healthcare centres in Delta State, Nigeria

“…identi ed in literature as the optimal age for healthy and safe reproduction 15 16 4 . Moreover, prior studies have suggested that ages that are too low, i.e., less than 20 years, may be biologically unprepared and mentally immature for pregnancy 17 .…”

“…Notably, the age category of 26-35 years was found to be comparable to the age category of 20-35 years, which has been previously identi ed in literature as the optimal age for healthy and safe reproduction 15 16 4 . Moreover, prior studies have suggested that ages that are too low, i.e., less than 20 years, may be biologically unprepared and mentally immature for pregnancy 17 .…”

Predicting nutritional status during pregnancy by women's empowerment in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

“…This is reflected in this study considering significant relations between overall empowerment and nutrition outcomes of pregnant women. Moreover, it has been underlined that the nutritional status of pregnant women depends on multiple factors such as dietary habit, access to health services, infectious diseases, and knowledge ( 71 ) besides the independent and control variables considered in this study. Excluding these factors may have affected our study results.…”