Factors Affecting Mercury Control in Utility Flue Gas Using Activated Carbon

Carey, Todd R.; Hargrove, O.W.; Richardson, Carl; Chang, Ramsay; Meserole, F.B.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1998.10463753

Cited by 120 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, similar results for the adsorption of HgCl 2 were observed by Carey et al 7 Table 3 summarizes the operating parameters and equilibrium adsorptive capacities of three PACs. Experimental results showed that Darco flue gas desulfurization PAC has a higher HgCl 2 equilibrium adsorptive capacity than WPAC and CPAC.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Adsorptive Capacity Of Hgclsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…6 Most of heavy metal species emitted from the combustors and incinerators are efficiently removed using properly-operated particulate removal system. 7 Mercury, however, is primarily present in vapor form, and it can not be captured effectively by the existing particulate removal systems. 4 Hence, additional control technologies are essential for reducing mercury before it begins transporting and cycling into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Adsorptive Capacity of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride onto Powdered Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Tires

Lin

Yuan

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) upstream of particulate removal devices (such as electrostatic precipitator and baghouses) has been used effectively to remove hazardous air pollutants, particularly mercurycontaining pollutants, emitted from combustors and incinerators. Compared with commercial PACs (CPACs), an alternative PAC derived from waste tires (WPAC) was prepared for this study. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of mercury chloride (HgCl 2 ) vapor onto the WPAC was further evaluated with a self-designed bench-scale adsorption column system. The adsorption temperatures investigated in the adsorption column were controlled at 25 and 150°C. The superficial velocity and residence time of the flow were 0.01 m/sec and 4 sec, respectively. The adsorption column tests were run under nitrogen gas flow. Experimental results showed that WPAC with higher Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area could adsorb more HgCl 2 at room temperature. The equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl 2 for WPAC measured in this study was 1.49 ϫ 10 Ϫ1 mg HgCl 2 /g PAC at 25°C with an initial HgCl 2 concentration of 25 g/m 3 . With the increase of adsorption temperature Յ150°C, the equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl 2 for WPAC was decreased to 1.34 ϫ 10 Ϫ1 mg HgCl 2 /g PAC. Furthermore, WPAC with higher sulfur contents could adsorb even more HgCl 2 because of the reactions between sulfur and Hg 2ϩ at 150°C. It was demonstrated that the mechanisms for adsorbing HgCl 2 onto WPAC were physical adsorption and chemisorption at 25 and 150°C, respectively. Experimental results also indicated that the apparent overall driving force model appeared to have the good correlation with correlation coefficients (r) Ͼ0.998 for HgCl 2 adsorption at 25 and 150°C. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorptive capacity of HgCl 2 for virgin WPAC was similar to that for CPAC at 25°C, whereas it was slightly higher for sulfurized WPAC than for CPAC at 150°C.

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Section: Comparison Of the Adsorptive Capacity Of Hgclsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adsorptive Capacity of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride onto Powdered Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Tires

Lin

Yuan

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…As an example, the OH method states that the relative standard deviation for 12 replicate measurements of mercury concentrations less than 3 μg/Nm 3 (such as the catalyst outlet elemental mercury concentration) is less than 34%. 2 Presumably the relative standard deviation for only three measurements could be higher.…”

Section: Figure 40 Sampling Port Diagram For Catalyst Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems

Blythe¹,

Braman²,

Dombrowski³

et al. 2010

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This document is the final technical report for Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-04NT41992, "Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems," which was conducted over the time-period January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2010. The objective of this project has been to demonstrate at pilot scale the use of solid catalysts and/or fixed-structure mercury sorbents to promote the removal of total mercury and oxidation of elemental mercury in flue gas from coal combustion, followed by wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) to remove the oxidized mercury at high efficiency. The project was co-funded by the U.S. DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE-NETL), EPRI, Great River Energy (GRE), TXU Energy (now called Luminant), Southern Company, Salt River Project (SRP) and Duke Energy. URS Group was the prime contractor.The mercury control process under development uses fixed-structure sorbents and/or catalysts to promote the removal of total mercury and/or oxidation of elemental mercury in the flue gas from coal-fired power plants that have wet lime or limestone FGD systems. Oxidized mercury not adsorbed is removed in the wet FGD absorbers and leaves with the byproducts from the FGD system.The project has tested candidate materials at pilot scale and in a commercial form, to provide engineering data for future full-scale designs. Pilot-scale catalytic oxidation tests have been completed for periods of approximately 14 to19 months at three sites, with an additional round of pilot-scale fixed-structure sorbent tests being conducted at one of those sites. Additionally, pilotscale wet FGD tests have been conducted downstream of mercury oxidation catalysts at a total of four sites. The sites include the two of three sites from this project and two sites where catalytic oxidation pilot testing was conducted as part of a previous DOE-NETL project. Pilot-scale wet FGD tests were also conducted at a fifth site, but with no catalyst or fixed-structure mercury sorbent upstream.This final report presents and discusses detailed results from all of these efforts, and makes a number of conclusions about what was learned through these efforts.

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“…Previous investigations have shown the equilibrium adsorptive capacity of PAC on vapor-phase HgCl 2 increased with the HgCl 2 concentration but decreased as the adsorption temperature increased. 14,35 Moreover, the adsorptive capacities of CBPAC on HgCl 2 could be further presented as the ratio of the HgCl 2 uptake at adsorption equilibrium to the BET surface area of CBPAC (i.e., q e /S BET ), versus the concentration of HgCl 2 . The amount of HgCl 2 adsorbed per unit of surface area is strongly related to the concentration of HgCl 2 , reflecting the favorable adsorption of HgCl 2 molecules on the carbon surface, because the HgCl 2 flux is greater at higher HgCl 2 concentration.…”

Section: Influences Of Temperature and Hgclmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 -13 Many bench-, pilot-, and full-scale tests have been conducted to examine the influences of the type of carbon, the structures of carbon, the surface characteristics of carbon, the injection method (dry or wet), the amount of carbon injected, and flue gas temperature on the removal of vapor-phase mercury. 6,8,9,14,15 In addition, the dynamics of the uptake of vapor-phase mercury by granular activated carbon have been evaluated as a function of operating parameters, including adsorption temperature, influent concentration of mercury, and emptybed residence time. 16 Nevertheless, very few studies have investigated the adsorption isotherms of HgCl 2 on activated carbons using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride on Powdered Activated Carbon Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Lin

Yuan

Chen

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This study investigated the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the adsorptive capacity and adsorption isotherm of vapor-phase mercury chloride on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The technique is commonly applied to remove mercury-containing air pollutants from gas streams emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators. An alternative form of powdered activated carbon derived from a pyrolyzed tire char was prepared for use herein. The capacity of waste tire-derived PAC to adsorb vapor-phase HgCl 2 was successfully measured using a self-designed TGA adsorption system. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorptive capacities of HgCl 2 were 1.75, 0.688, and 0.230 mg of HgCl 2 per gram of powdered activated carbon derived from carbon black at 30, 70, and 150°C for 500 g/m 3 of HgCl 2 , respectively. Four adsorption isotherms obtained using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and BrunauerEmmett-Teller (BET) models were used to simulate the adsorption of HgCl 2 . The comparison of experimental data associated with the four adsorption isotherms indicated that BET fit the experimental results better than did the other isotherms at 30°C, whereas the Freundlich isotherm fit the experimental results better at 70 and 150°C. Furthermore, the calculations of the parameters associated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that the adsorption of HgCl 2 by PAC-derived carbon black favored adsorption at various HgCl 2 concentrations and temperatures.

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Factors Affecting Mercury Control in Utility Flue Gas Using Activated Carbon

Cited by 120 publications

References 0 publications

The Adsorptive Capacity of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride onto Powdered Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Tires

The Adsorptive Capacity of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride onto Powdered Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Tires

Pilot Testing of Mercury Oxidation Catalysts for Upstream of Wet FGD Systems

Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm of Vapor-Phase Mercury Chloride on Powdered Activated Carbon Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

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