Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Bone

Fg, Evans

doi:10.1201/9781420073560.ch4

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…In the female group of the present study, there were no individuals younger than 52 years. The authors, therefore, conclude in concordance with Zioupos et al (2000) that postmenopausal female bone tends to undergo accelerated resorption, which increases porosity levels and consequently produces a weaker bone matrix material (internal porosity) with rarefaction of the bone structure, i.e. a breakdown of the bone matrix.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Radiological and clinical follow‐up of machined‐ and anodized‐surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months

Watzak

Zechner

Busenlechner

et al. 2006

Clinical Oral Implants Res

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The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare peri-implant bone loss and mucosal conditions around machined-surface (MS) and anodized-surface (AS) interforaminal implants in the mandible at least 30 months after placement. Fifty patients, each treated with four interforaminal screw-type implants consecutively, were included. Thirty-one patients (62%) with a total number of 124 implants (64 MS and 60 AS implants, both Brånemark type MKIII) were available for follow-up. Rotational panoramic radiographs were used for evaluating marginal bone loss. Clinically, marginal plaque index (mPI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket probing depth (PPD) were evaluated. AS implants showed significantly less marginal bone loss than MS implants (-1.17+/-0.13 vs. -1.42+/-0.13 mm; P=0.03). Marginal bone loss around distal implants was less pronounced at AS implants (-1.05+/-0.14 mm) when compared with MS implants (-1.46+/-0.14 mm; P=0.05). Within the smoking group, there was less peri-implant bone loss around AS implants than around MS implants (-1.08+/-0.27 vs. -1.83+/-0.2; P=0.04). No differences between MS and AS implants were found with respect to mPI (57% vs. 67%), BOP (21% vs. 17%) and mean PPD (2.59+/-0.29 vs. 2.56+/-0.28 mm). Overall, both types of implants, in combination with bar-supported overdentures, can produce excellent long-term results in the interforaminal edentulous mandible with less peri-implant bone loss around rough implant surfaces, which had beneficial effects at distal implants and in smokers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Radiological and clinical follow‐up of machined‐ and anodized‐surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months

Watzak

Zechner

Busenlechner

et al. 2006

Clinical Oral Implants Res

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lack of correspondence between our measurements of E (see Table 1) and those of other workers is little surprising given the uncertain preservation history of our material. Several studies have suggested that formalin fixation changes, to some extent, the material properties of bone (Reilly & Burstein, 1974;Zioupos et al 2000). In particular, it was shown that fixation results in a decrease in bone stiffness of pigs after 2 weeks of preservation (Dechow & Huynh, 1994), although Currey et al (1995) showed that fixing bone from an 18-month-old bovine in a 10% formalin mixture for 3 h and subsequent buffering for 3 days has only a limited effect on the elastic modulus in tension.…”

Section: Variation Of Bone Elastic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing mechanical function of the zygomatic region in macaques: validation and sensitivity testing of finite element models

et al. 2006

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Crucial to the interpretation of the results of any finite element analysis of a skeletal system is a test of the validity of the results and an assessment of the sensitivity of the model parameters. We have therefore developed finite element models of two crania of Macaca fascicularis and investigated their sensitivity to variations in bone material properties, the zygomatico-temporal suture and the loading regimen applied to the zygomatic arch. Maximum principal strains were validated against data derived from ex vivo strain gauge experiments using non-physiological loads applied to the macaque zygomatic arch. Elastic properties of the zygomatic arch bone and the zygomaticotemporal suture obtained by nanoindentation resulted in a high degree of congruence between experimental and simulated strains. The findings also indicated that the presence of a zygomatico-temporal suture in the model produced strains more similar to experimental values than a completely separated or fused arch. Strains were distinctly higher when the load was applied through the modelled superficial masseter compared with loading an array of nodes on the arch. This study demonstrates the importance of the accurate selection of the material properties involved in predicting strains in a finite element model. Furthermore, our findings strongly highlight the influence of the presence of craniofacial sutures on strains experienced in the face. This has implications when investigating craniofacial growth and masticatory function but should generally be taken into account in functional analyses of the craniofacial system of both extant and extinct species.

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“…Due to the lengthy period required for the collection of opportunistic specimens, cadavers were stored in a freezer for several years before specimens were processed. Although there are concerns over the effects of formalin fixation and freezing on the mechanical properties of bones (i.e., Evans, 1973; Sara and Williams, 1988; Zioupos et al, 2000; Nazarian et al, 2009), studies have reported that long term freezing does not have a measureable impact on cortical bone elastic properties measured ultrasonically (Evans, 1973; Zioupos et al, 2000). Further, if bone samples, including those fixed in formalin for no more than two weeks, are re-hydrated before testing, the bone elastic mechanical properties have little alteration (Nazarian et al, 2009).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, if bone samples, including those fixed in formalin for no more than two weeks, are re-hydrated before testing, the bone elastic mechanical properties have little alteration (Nazarian et al, 2009). In our study, cortical bone samples after preparation were kept hydrated in equal proportions of 95% ethanol and isotonic saline, which maintains the elastic properties of bone over time (Ashman et al, 1984; Zioupus et al, 2000). We were not able to obtain juvenile female specimens during this research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional, ontogenetic, and sex‐related variations in elastic properties of cortical bone in baboon mandibles

Wang¹,

Ashley²,

Dechow³

2009

American J Phys Anthropol

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Understanding the mechanical features of cortical bone and their changes with growth and adaptation to function plays an important role in our ability to interpret the morphology and evolution of craniofacial skeletons. We assessed the elastic properties of cortical bone of juvenile and adult baboon mandibles using ultrasonic techniques. Results showed that, overall, cortical bone from baboon mandibles could be modeled as an orthotropic elastic solid. There were significant differences in the directions of maximum stiffness, thickness, density, and elastic stiffness among different functional areas, indicating regional adaptations. After maturity, the cortical bone becomes thicker, denser, and stiffer, but less anisotropic. There were differences in elastic properties of the corpus and ramus between male and female mandibles which are not observed in human mandibles. There were correlations between cortical thicknesses and densities, between bone elastic properties and microstructural configuration, and between the directions of maximum stiffness and bone anatomical axes in some areas. The relationships between bone extrinsic and intrinsic properties bring us insights into the integration of form and function in craniofacial skeletons and suggest that we need to consider both macroscopic form, microstructural variation, and the material properties of bone matrix when studying the functional properties and adaptive nature of the craniofacial skeleton in primates. The differences between baboon and human mandibles is at variance to the pattern of differences in crania, suggesting differences in bone adaption to varying skeletal geometries and loading regimes at both phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels.Keywords craniofacial skeleton; biomechanics; function; adaptation; Micro-CT; primate Elastic properties and their variations in individuals are important for understanding bone adaptations and quality at the tissue level (Dechow et al., 1992(Dechow et al., , 1993Dechow and Hylander, 2000; Schwartz-Dabney and Dechow, 2003;Wang and Dechow, 2006;Wang et al., 2006; Rapoff et al., 2008). They are especially indispensable for exploring the biomechanics and adaptation of primate skulls using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) (Strait et al., 2005(Strait et al., , 2009Wang and Dechow, 2006;Wang et al., 2006; Rayfield, 2007). We have * Please send page proofs and direct correspondence to: Dr Qian Wang, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207. Phone:478-301,4043; Fax: 478-301,5489; wang_q2@mercer.edu NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Phys Anthropol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 April 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript systematically collected elastic properties from the craniofacial skeletons of three species including modern humans (crania and mandibles), macaques (crania), and baboons (crania) (Peterson, 2002; Peterson and Dechow, 2003; Dechow, 2002a, 2003;Dechow, 2006, Wang et al, 2006)...

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Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Bone

Cited by 23 publications

References 80 publications

Radiological and clinical follow‐up of machined‐ and anodized‐surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months

Radiological and clinical follow‐up of machined‐ and anodized‐surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months

Assessing mechanical function of the zygomatic region in macaques: validation and sensitivity testing of finite element models

Regional, ontogenetic, and sex‐related variations in elastic properties of cortical bone in baboon mandibles

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