Factors Affecting Infant Formula Feeding in Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Sukoharjo, Central Java

Abstract

Background: Formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months may increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. Formula feeding in Indonesia continues to increase from 15% in 2003 to 79.8% in 2013. To the best of the authors' knowledge no studies have been done that analyzed the effects of constructs in Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on formula feeding practice. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing formula feeding practice among lactating mothers for their infants aged 0-6 months, using TPB constructs. Subjects and Method: This study was an analytic observational with cross-sectional approach. It was carried out in Sukoharjo District, Central Java, from April to May 2017. A sample of 150 lactating mothers were selected for this study by cluster random sampling. The exogenous variables were the role of health workers, the role of mass media, subjective norm, and maternal education. The endogenous variables were attitudes toward formula feeding, perceived behavioral control, intention, family income, maternal employment status, and formula feeding practice. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: Infant formula feeding was directly affected by maternal intention (b=1.96; 95% CI =0.59 to 3.34; p=0.005), perceived behavior control (b=2.24; 95% CI =0.79 to 3.68; p=0.002), family income (b=1.99; 95% CI =0.39 to 3.59; p=0.014), and maternal employment status (b=-2.01; 95% CI =-3.82 to -0.21; p=0.029). Mother's intention was influenced by her attitude (b=1.85; 95% CI=0.58 to 3.12; p=0.004), subjective norm (b=2.98; 95% CI =-0.07 to 6.04; p=0.056), perceived behavior control (b=1.53; 95% CI =0.44 to 2.62; p=0.006), and mass media (b=2.01; 95% CI =0.35 to 3.68; p=0.018). Maternal employment status was influenced by maternal education (b=2.68; 95% CI =1.81 to 3.55; p<0.001). Family income was affected by maternal employment status (b=2.10; 95% CI =1.24 to 2.97; p<0.001). Maternal attitude was influenced by the role of health personnel (b=2.73; 95% CI =0.68 to 4.78; p=0.009). Likewise, maternal perceived behavior control was influenced by the role of health personnel (b=1.03; 95% CI =0.22 to 1.84; p=0.013). Conclusion: Infant formula feeding is directly affected by maternal intention, perceived behavior control, family income, and maternal employment status. Infant formula feeding is indirectly affected by attitude, subjective norm, and the role of health personnel.

Formula feeding and associated factors among mothers with infants 0–6 months old in Mettu Town, Southwest Ethiopia

“…Maternal attitude toward formula feeding was one of the predictors of formula feeding. Mothers who had a positive attitude toward formula feeding were two times more likely to give formula milk to their babies compared to those who had a negative or neutral attitude toward formula feeding, which is consistent with studies conducted in Jimma (Abebe et al, 2019) and Sukoharjo, Central Java (Nuralita et al, 2017). This might be because a woman who has a positive attitude toward formula feeding is easily derived to initiate formula milk to their babies when they find well‐packaged formula milk at pharmacies and supermarkets (Yee & Chin, 2007).…”

“…In addition, the absence of private breastfeeding or pumping areas in their workplace could be a reason for formula feeding. Contrary to this finding, a study conducted in Sokoharjo, Central Java, reported that working mothers had two times less chance of formula feeding their babies (Nuralita et al, 2017). The reason for this discrepancy might be due to the presence of a well‐established policy that supports breastfeeding at their workplace and the maternal experience of pumping breast milk and storing it for their babies before going to their workplace.…”

Formula Feeding and Associated Factors among Mothers with Infants 0-6 Months Old in Mettu Town, South West Ethiopia

“…In other words, having a negative attitude toward formula feeding reduces the likelihood of formula feeding by 60%. The nding is consistent with studies conducted in Jimma (13) and Sukoharjo, Central Java (37). This could be due to a women who had a positive attitude could be easily derived to initiate formula milk to their babies when they found well-packaged formula milk at pharmacies and supermarkets (26).…”

“…Contrary to this nding, study conducted in Sokoharjo, Centarl Java reported that working mothers had 2 times less chance of formula feeding their babies (37). The reason for this discrepancy might be due presence of a well stablished policy that support breast feeding at their work place and also maternal experience of pumping a breast milk and storing for their babies before going to their workplace.…”

Faktor- Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemberian Susu Formula ada Usia 0-6 Bulan : Literature Review

“…Karena konseling biasanya disediakan untuk wanita hamil, pasangan dan ibu kandung memiliki pemahaman yang relatif sedikit tentang keperawatan eksklusif. Pendapatan keluarga Penelitian (7) mengatakan bahwa keluarga berpenghasilan tinggi lebih cenderung menyediakan susu formula daripada keluarga berpenghasilan rendah, ibu dengan pendidikan tinggi lebih cenderung mencari pekerjaan dan pendapatan keluarga lebih tinggi, yang akan mendorong ibu lebih memilih pemberian susu formula daripada ibu berpenghasilan rendah. Pendapatan keluarga p = 0,014.…”