FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION, GROWTH, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRESHWATER SPONGE,<i>SPONGILLA FRAGILIS</i>LEIDY (PORIFERA)

Strekal, Thomas A.; McDiffett, Wayne F.

doi:10.2307/1540623

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Juvenile sponges were incubated in 1mmoll -1 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX: phosphodiesterase inhibitor; SigmaAldrich) in Strekal's medium, an equivalent culture medium to Mmedium (Strekal and McDiffett, 1974), diluted from a 0.5moll -1 stock solution in DMSO for 30min. Sponges were exposed to 0.1mmoll -1 S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP: NO donor; Sigma-Aldrich) for 2min and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 2h at 4°C.…”

Section: G R D Elliott and S P Leys Cgmp Assay For No Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for glutamate, GABA and NO in coordinating behaviour in the sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Spongillidae)

Elliott

Leys

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe view that sponges lack tissue level organisation, epithelia, sensory cells and coordinated behaviour is challenged by recent molecular studies showing the existence in Porifera of molecules and proteins that define cell signalling systems in higher order metazoans. Demonstration that freshwater sponges can contract their canals in an organised manner in response to both external and endogenous stimuli prompted us to examine the physiology of the contraction behaviour. Using a combination of digital timelapse microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, immunocytochemistry and pharmacological manipulations, we tested the role of the diffusible amino acids glutamate and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a short-lived diffusible gas, nitric oxide (NO), in triggering or modulating contractions in Ephydatia muelleri. We identified pools of glutamate, glutamine and GABA used to maintain a metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptor signalling system. Glutamate induced contractions and propagation of a stereotypical behaviour inflating and deflating the canal system, acting in a dosedependent manner. Glutamate-triggered contractions were blocked by the metabatropic glutamate receptor inhibitor AP3 and by incubation of the sponge in an allosteric competitive inhibitor of glutamate, Kynurenic acid. Incubation in GABA inhibited glutamate-triggered contractions of the sponge. Nitric oxide synthase, involved in the formation of the diffusible gas NO, was localised using NADPH-diaphorase to mesenchyme cells in the osculum and pinacoderm. A cGMP assay showed the same cells were labelled suggesting that the NO system is functional. Our findings suggest sponges coordinate behaviour using chemical messenger systems common to other animals. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: G R D Elliott and S P Leys Cgmp Assay For No Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for glutamate, GABA and NO in coordinating behaviour in the sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Spongillidae)

Elliott

Leys

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…However, a few gemmules germinate and develop into small sponges at this low temperature. Strekal and McDiffett (1974) found that the threshold temperature for germination of the gemmules of this sponge from Rapid Run in Pennsylvania is M°C. The mean summer temperature of Rapid Run is only 10°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the northeastern (Strekal and McDiffett, 1974;Fell, 1987a) and southeastern (Poimer, 1969) United States, Eunapius fragilis, inhabiting permanent bodies of fresh water, survives the winter in the form of gemmules that germinate during the spring. On the other hand, this sponge, living in temporary aquatic habitats in the southeastern United States and elsewhere, often occurs only as gemmules during the dry summer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors affecting dormancy in the freshwater spongeEunapius fragilis(Leidy)

Fell

1990

Invertebrate Reproduction & Development

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The gemmules of the freshwater sponge E w p i u s fragilis from Gallup Pond in Connecticut a~ released from diapause by exposure to low temperature and/or drying. Air-drying gemmules that have been chilled at 4°C for several weeks may hasten the termination of -use by as much as 2 months compared to low temperature treatment alone. Furthermore, chilling gemmules at 4°C for only one week may substantially enhance the capacity of the gemmules to emerge from diapause following desiccation. Chilled gemmules of E.fragilis from Stony Brook in Massachusetts appear to be less readily released from diapause by air-drying than those from Gallup Pond. In addition, p a r d osmotic dehydration in 5% NaCI solution resulted in little or no increase in the rate of activation of chilled gernmules. Although most gemmules are kept in a quiescent state by low temperature once diapause has been broken,-a few gemmules and develop into small sponges at 4-5°C.

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“…Although E. fluviatilis is common in low salinity (0.5-3.0 ppt) brackish water in Louisiana, our experimental studies suggest that growth rate may be higher in fresh-waters but this must be tested in future experiments. Our experimental studies, however, indicate that our experimental system could be used to test other concentrations of calcium ion and salinity as well as concentrations of other ions and culture media used by other workers (Rasmont 1961;Strekal & McDiffet 1974) to identify tolerance limits and to determine culture media (i.e. synthetic habitat water) which produce optimum growth of E. fluviatilis and other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of calcium and salinity on the growth rate of Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae)

1982

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The freshwater sponge, Ephydatiafluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae), was maintained in a continuous-Pow laboratory culture system under several conditions of calcium ion (Ca++) concentration and salinity. Experimental results suggest that sponge growth rate increases with increasing Ca+ + concentration, that sponge growth rate decreases with increasing salinity, and that the negative effect of higher salinity can be overcome by increasing Ca + + concentration. The experimental results correlate well with field observations on the effects of salinity and Ca + + on the distribution of E. fluviatilis.

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FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION, GROWTH, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE FRESHWATER SPONGE,SPONGILLA FRAGILISLEIDY (PORIFERA)

Cited by 32 publications

References 8 publications

Evidence for glutamate, GABA and NO in coordinating behaviour in the sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Spongillidae)

Evidence for glutamate, GABA and NO in coordinating behaviour in the sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Spongillidae)

Environmental factors affecting dormancy in the freshwater spongeEunapius fragilis(Leidy)

Effects of calcium and salinity on the growth rate of Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae)

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